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动作方面论文范本,与初中英语语法总结(动词的时态)相关论文下载

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to keep you waiting.

——Oh, not at all. I ___here only a few minutes.

A. have beenB. had beenC. wasD. will be

答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时.

1.15 过去完成时

1) 概念:表示过去的过去

其构成是had +过去分词构成. 那时以前 那时 现在

2) 用法

a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句.例如:

She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎.

b. 状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时.例如:When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了.

c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示“原本等,未能等”.例如:

We had hoped that you would e, but you didn’t. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来.

3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as.例如:

He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语.

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.

到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生.

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了.

典型例题

The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.A. had written, leftB,were writing, has left

C. had written, had leftD. were writing, had left

答案D.

“把书忘在办公室”发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前,因此“忘了书”这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时.句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在”同学们正忙于等 这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生.因此前一句应用过去进行时.

注意: had hardly等 when 还没等等 就等.

例如:I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我.

had no sooner等than 刚等 就等.

例如:He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了.

1.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时

1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时.例如:When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来.

My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了.

2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时.例如:

When I heard the news, I was very excited.

3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时.例如:

Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

1.17 将来完成时

1) 构成will have done

2) 概念

a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态.例如:

hey will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了.

b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验.例如:You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了.

1.18 现在进行时

现在进行时的基本用法:

a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情.例如:

We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你.

b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行.例如:

Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说.(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态.)

c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, bee, turn, run, go, begin等.例如:

The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红.

It’s getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了.

d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩.例如:

You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意.

典型例题

My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.

A. has lost, don’t findB. is missing, don’t find

C. has lost, haven’t foundD. is missing, haven’t found.

答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时.

1.19 不用进行时的动词


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1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等.例如:

I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟.

This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的.

2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, fet, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等.例如:I need your help. 我需要你的帮助.

He loves her very much. 他爱她很深.

3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, plete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等.例如:I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告.

4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, bee, turn等.例如:You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累.

1.20 过去进行时

1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作.

2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生.

3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等.例如:

My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤.

It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨.

When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂.

典型例题

1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.

A. madeB. is makingC. was makingD. makes

答案C.

割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时.同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时.

2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.

A. read;was fallingB. was reading; fellC. was reading; was falling D. read;fell

答案B.句中的as 等于 when, w

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