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30340;,这将使分配不公问题成为不可补救的问题. 总括来说,在中国的当前形势下,我相信在收入分配时,没有必要主张"效率优先,兼顾公平",或是在初次分配时"强调效率",在再次分配时"强调公平".这样既符合改革的形势和市民的感受又将有助于刺激积极性.
原文:
ItIsTimetoEmphasizeSocialFairness
From:safea.gov.
Time:2006/06/12
LiuGuoguang(刘国光)
Editorialnote:"Givingprioritytoefficiencywhiletakingfairnessintoaccount"hasbeenthekeynoteofpartyandgovernmentdocumentsregardingsocialdistributionformanyyearsandlasteduntiltheThirdPlenarySessionoftheSixteenthCentralCommitteeinOctober,2003.InSeptember2004,theexpression"Givingprioritytoefficiency"didnotappearindocumentsfromtheFourthPlenarySession.InOctober2005,itwasofficiallyreplacedby"moreemphasisuponsocialfairnesssothatthewholepopulationcanenjoytheacplishmentsofreformanddevelopment"inthe'ProposalsoftheChineseCommunistPartyCentralCommitteewithregardtotheFormulationoftheEleventhFiveYearPlanfortheNationalEconomyandSocialDevelopment'passedontheFifthPlenarySession.WhataretheimplicationsofthischangeandhowdothetwosayingsdifferfromeachanotherThisarticlebyMr.LiuGuoguang,aneconomicsexpert,willhelptoguidereadersthroughthisissue.
Socialfairnessisavitalissueinthebuildingofacongenialsocialistsociety.Ifsocialfairnessislacking,thebuildingofsuchasocietywillbeoutofthequestion.Inordertoattackdueimportancetosocialfairness,therelationshipbetweeneconomicefficiencyandsocialfairnessmustbeproperlyhandled.
Rediscoveringtherelationshipbetween"efficiency"and"fairness"
Theconceptsof"fairness"and"efficiency"are,theoreticallyspeaking,aunityoftwoopposites.Commonsensetellsusthatthemoreequitableinedistributionis,thelowerthepeople'senthusiasmandefficiencybeesandthatareasonableinegap,providedthedistributionproceduresandregulationsarefair,canhelptoincreaseefficiency.Ontheotherhand,the"cake"cannotbemadebiggerintheabsenceofimprovedefficiency,thusmakingitdifficulttomaintainsustainablefairnessandresolveagrowingnumberofsocialcontradictions.However,iffairnessisignored,theinegapwillfurtherwiden-particularlyinregardtounfairdistributionrules-andthiscouldleadtolowerefficiencyandevenaffectsocialstability.Thisiswhyefficiencyandfairnessarebothcontradictoryandunifiedandwhyitisnevereasytohandletherelationshipbetweenthetwo.Inordertoalleviateclasscontradictions,Westerndevelopedcountrieshaveincorporatedsocialistelementsandarepursuingsocialsecurityandwelfaremeasures,tothepointthatsomeofthesecountrieshaveimplementedsuchmeasurestoamuchbetterdegreethanChina,asocialistcountry,hasyettoacplish.Ofcourse,itisunreasonabletomakeasweepingparisongiventhepeculiarityofhistoricalfactors.
Enhancingfairnessdoesnotmeanaebackofegalitarianism
Attachingmoreimportancetosocialfairnessintherelationshipbetweenefficiencyandfairnessisanissueofpublicconcern.However,somepeopleareconcernedthatplacingsomuchemphasisuponsocialfairnesscouldleadtoareturntothekindofegalitarianismthatisinherentinthetraditionalsystem,andworrythatsomebodymightbe`purposefullyhypingup"China'swideinegapinordertoinvitesucharesult.
Thisconcernisnotwithoutitsreasons.ThereareindeedthosewhoassertthattheabilityoftheChinesepeopletosustaintheinegaphasreacheditslimit,justasIhavesaidinmypreviousanalysis.However,discrepanciesresultingfromdifferentresearchperspectivesareunderstandable.Wecannotoverlookthepossibilitythatarapidlywideninginegapcouldevolveintopolarization,norcanweneglectthepossibilitythatseriousdegreesofunfairnesscouldtriggerapotentialsocialcrisis.Beingpreparedandtakingprecautionsagainstpotentialdangerintimesofpeaceisnotwithoutitspositivesignificance.
ReforminChinahasreachedapointatwhichfewpeoplewouldwishtoreturntotheoldsystemofeverybodyeatingfromthesamepot.Astheconceptandoperationalrulesofamarketeconomyhavebeeembeddedinpeople'sminds,mostpeopleareabletounderstandandacceptthehighwagesandthewideinegapresultingfromhonestlabourandlegalbusiness,andto"beebroad-mindedaboutthewideninginegapresultingfromdifferencesinwagesandearningsfrompatentsandcapitalinvestment."Theyaredissatisfiedbythegreyandblackinesacquiredbybypassingthesystem,andbyirregularinesgainedfromtakingadvantageoflegalloopholes.Whatpeoplewishistorectifytheseinstancesofunfairnessandtousethere-distributionleveragetoappropriatelyregulatediscrepanciesbetweentherichandthepoor,butwithnointentionoftouchinguponhighinesobtainedbylegalmeans.Thus,emphasizingsocialequitycanneverresultinaebackoftheegalitarianismthatisinherentinthetraditionalsystem,norchallengethepublicconsensuswhichhasbeenreachedsincethepolicyofreformandopeninguptotheoutsideworldwasadopted.Inreality,remnantsofegalitarianismarenowlimitedtoanincreasinglysmallnumberofgovernmentinstitutionsandindustrialdepartments,andrelativelylargeinegapsarealsoemergingbetweenvariousgovernmentdepartmen
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