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96;分只应当列举有关的,有代表性的数据.对结论的统计分析一定要适当,由于目前统计软件包易学好用,很多年轻的研究工作者并不愿意去深入了解统计方法的原理,审稿人有时也仅仅评估论文所采用的统计方法的合理性,所以如果所用的统计分析复杂而不常用,最好请统计学家帮助修改对统计分析的描述.写作结果部分常见的是:
罗列未经整理加工的庞杂的原始数据,或数据整理方法不当,
所列数据与文章内容不符,与"材料与方法"部分不能呼应,
结果数据之间缺乏逻辑性,没有层次,显得零乱,
用不确切或含糊的措辞表述结果.
美国医学写作协会(AmericanMedicalWritersAssociation)医学论文写作要领中对于"结果"部分的说明是:
1.Purpose(目的)
(1)Totellwhathappenedduringthestudy叙述研究过程中发生了什么(2)Topresentthefindingsofthestudy阐述研究的发现2.Explainanydeviationsfromthestudyasplanned解释实际研究中出现的偏差3.Provideaschematicsummaryofthestudy提供研究的纲要性小结(1)Toshowthestudydesign表明研究设计(2)Toindicatetheflowofsubjectsthroughoutthestudy贯穿主题(3)Toaccountforallsubjectsorobservations解释所有的研究对象或观察资料4.Presenttheresultsofthestudy给出研究的结果(1)Usefiguresortableswhenpossible尽量使用图表-Comparesgroupsatbaseline比较不同组别基线水平的差异-PresentdatainSystemsInternationale(SI)unitsifrequiredbyjournal采用国际单位制(2)Focusontheprimaryparisonsfirstandgive关注于主要的比较-Theactualchangeordifferencebetweengroups(the"estimatedtreatmenteffect")组别间的实际变化-The95%confidenceintervalforthisestimate估计95%的置信区间-Ifreported,theexactPvalueofthedifference(untilP<,0.001)差异的精确P值(直到P<,0.001)-Thetestusedinthestatisticalanalysis统计分析中用到的检验方法-Assurancethattheassumptionsoftheanalysisweremet(werethedatanormallydistributedorskewedIndependentorpairedLinearlyrelatedornot)确定统计分析方法与研究假定是否相符(数据是正态还是偏态分布是成组比较还是配对比较是否有线性相关关系)
(3)Explainanydropoutsoranymissingdata对失访与缺失的数据做出解释再以2003年发表在《人类遗传学》(HumanGeics)的文章"Theoriginsandgeicstructureofthreeco-residentChineseMuslimPopulations:theSalar,Bo'anandDongxiang"为例.
ThethreeMuslimpopulationsshowedbasicallysimilarallelicdistributionsacrossalltenautosomalloci.Atotalof160alleleswereidentifiedinthe212individuals,with53alleles(33.1%)sharedbyallthreemunities.ThemeannumberofallelesobservedateachlocusvariedbySTRmarker,andrangedfrom6.3allelesforD13S126to18.0forD13S133.Onaverage,1.7munity-specificallelesweredetectedateachlocus.
本段指出了研究对象,并对研究对象的等位基因分布进行基本的统计描述.
Significantdeviations(p<,0.05)fromHWEwereobservedatsixloci(D13S133,D13S192,D13S270,D15S108,D15S11,D15S98)intheSalar,sevenloci(D13S133,D13S270,D15S11,D15S98,D15S101,D15S108,GABRB3)intheBo'an,andtwoloci(D13S270,D15S108)intheDongxiang.U-testsconfirmedthatalldeviationswereduetoheterozygotedeficiency.ThemeanFisvalues,whichdescribetheinbreedingeffectwithinasub-population,were0.16forSalar,0.12forBo'anand0.01forthenumericallylargerDongxiangmunity.TheponentsofautosomalgeicvariationwithinandbetweenthethreemunitiesexaminedbyAMOVAindicatedanegativeinter-munityvariationof-2.2%(equaltoanFstof-0.02),suggestingtheyhavesimilarautosomalgenepools.
本段介绍了常染色体遗传变异在3个穆斯林民族之间的差异.
TheaveragegenediversitycalculatedfortheY-chromosomeSTRswas0.59fortheSalar,0.52fortheBo'an,and0.40fortheDongxiang.HaplotypeswereconstructedfromtheY-chromosomedata.Ofthe39haplotypesidentified,12%weresharedbyallthreemunities,34%weresharedbytwoofthethreemunities,and54%weremunity-specific.Haplotypediversitywas0.40fortheSalar,0.45fortheBo'an,and0.38fortheDongxiang.TheSalarhadthehighestmeannumberofpairwisedifferences(1.76),followedbytheBo'an(1.57)andDongxiang(0.81).AMOVAshowedthat29.4%ofvariationwasbetween-population,whichgaveanaccumulatedFstvalueof0.29andindicatedsignificantinter-populationdiversity.Thecorrespondingintra-populationvariationwas70.6%.
HaplotypediversityfortheY-chromosomeUEPswas0.88fortheSalar,0.86fortheBo'an,and0.87fortheDongxiang,parabletothemeanregionaldiversitiesreportedforNorthEastAsia(0.84),SouthEastAsia(0.86),andCentralAsia(0.86)(Karafetetal.2001).TenhaplotypeswereobservedineachofthethreeMuslimpopulations,witheightorninehaplotypessharedbetweenthedifferentmunities.ThehaplotypefrequenciesinthepresentstudypopulationsandselectedpopulationsfromAsiaareshowngraphicallyinFigure2,withhaplotypesgroupedaccordingtoUnderhilletal.(2001).ThetwomostmonhaplotypesintheSalar,Bo'anandDongxiangwereM122(includingM134andLINE-1/M159),withfrequenciesrangingfrom24%-30%,andM17whichoccursatsimilarfrequenciesintheBo'an(26%)andDongxiang(28%),andataslightlylowerfrequencyintheSalar(17%).
以上两段介绍了Y染色体变异在3个穆斯林民族之间以及与其他民族之间的差异.
M122haplotypesarefoundathighfrequencyinNorthEastAsia(22%),butarerelativelyrareinCentralAsia(3%onaverage,buthigherinsomepopulationsofUzbekistanandtheUygurs).TheM17(orSRY-1532/SRY10831)haplotypesontheotherhandarefoundathighfrequencythroughoutCentralAsia(26%),butarerarei
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