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heywererelieved,atleasttemporarily.Afederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecision,rulingthatMyriadGeicscouldindeedholdpatentstotwogenesthathelpforecastawoman'sriskofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriad,apanyinUtah,saidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatientsalike.

Butaspaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicine,thecourtswillremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotbepatented,genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit,andpatents'monopoliesrestrictaccesstogeictestssuchasMyriad's.Agrowingnumberseemtoagree.Lastyearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogeictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase,arguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule"isnolessaproductofnature...thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds."

Despitetheappealscourt'sdecision,bigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexample,itisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt.

Astheindustryadvances,however,othersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.CompaniesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmolecules-mostarealreadypatentedorinthepublicdomain.firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinteract,lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug'sefficacy,paniesareeagertowinpatentsfor"connectingthedots,"explainsHansSauer,alawyerfortheBIO.

Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayoClinic,whichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrecentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedsessionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.Eachmeetingwaspacked.

31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1thatthebiotechpanieswouldlike.

[A]theirexecutivestobeactive

[B]judgestoruleoutgenepatenting

[C]genestobepatentable

[D]theBIOtoissueawarning

32.Thosewhoareagainstgenepatentsbelievethat.

[A]geictestsarenotreliable

[B]onlyman-madeproductsarepatentable

[C]patentsongenesdependmuchoninnovation

[D]courtsshouldrestrictaccesstogenetictests

33.AccordingtoHansSauer,paniesareeagertowinpatentsfor.

[A]establishingdiseasecorrelations

[B]discoveringgeneinteractions

[C]drawingpicturesofgenes

[D]identifyinghumanDNA

34.Bysaying"eachmeetingwaspacked"(Line4,Para.6)theauthormeansthat.

[A]thesupremecourtwasauthoritative

[B]theBIOwasapowerfulanization

[C]genepatentingwasagreatconcern

[D]lawyerswerekeentoattendconventions

35.Generallyspeaking,theauthor'sattitudetowardgenepatentingis.

[A]critical

[B]supportive

[C]scornful

[D]objective

Text4

Thegreatrecessionmaybeover,butthiseraofhighjoblessnessisprobablybeginning.Beforeitends,itwilllikelychangethelifecourseandcharacterofagenerationofyoungadults.Andultimately,itislikelytoreshapeourpolitics,ourculture,andthecharacterofoursocietyforyears.

Noonetriesharderthanthejoblesstofindsilverliningsinthisnationaleconomicdisaster.Manysaidthatunemployment,whileextremelypainful,hadimprovedtheminsomeways,theyhadbeelessmaterialisticandmorefinanciallyprudent,theyweremoreawareofthestrugglesofothers.Inlimitedrespects,perhapstherecessionwillleavesocietybetteroff.Attheverylast,ithasawokenusfromournationalfeverdreamofeasyrichesandbiggerhouses,andputanecessaryendtoanearofrecklesspersonalspending.

Butforthemostpart,thesebenefitsseemthin,uncertain,andfaroff.InTheMoralConsequencesofEconomicGrowth,theeconomichistorianBenjaminFriedmanarguesthatbothinsideandoutsidetheU.S.,lengthyperiodsofeconomicstagnationordeclinehavealmostalwaysleftsocietymoremean-spiritedandlessinclusive,andhaveusuallystoppedorreversedtheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms.Anti-immigrantsentimenttypicallyincreases,asdoesconflictbetweenracesandclasses.

Ineinequalityusuallyfallsduringarecession,butithasnotshrunkinthisone.Indeed,thisperiodofeconomicweaknessmayreinforceclassdivides,anddecreaseopportunitiestocrossthem-especiallyforyoungpeople.TheresearchofTillVonWachter,theeconomistatColumbiaUniversitysuggeststhatnotallpeoplegraduatingintoarecessionseetheirlifechancesdimmed,thosewithdegreesfromeliteuniversitiescatchupfairlyquicklytowheretheyotherwisewouldhavebeeniftheyhadgraduatedinbettertimes,itisthemassesbeneaththemthatareleftbehind.

IntheInterage,itisparticularlyeasytoseetheresentmentthathasalwaysbeenhiddenwithinAmericansociety.Moredifficult,inthemoment,isdiscerningpreciselyhowtheseleantimesareaffectingsociety'scharacter.Inmanyrespects,theU.S.wasmoresociallytolerantenteringthisrecessionthanatanytimeinitshistory,andavarietyofnationalpollsonsocialconflictsincethenhaveshownmixedresults.Wewillhavetowaitandseeexactlyhowthesehardtimeswillreshapeoursocialfabric.Buttheycertainlyit,andallthemoresothelongertheyextend.

36.Bysa

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