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iplomatisaseniorgovernmentofficialwhoconductsnegotiationswithothercountriesonbehalfofhisorherowncountry.

9.Amanuallabourerisaworkerwhoworkswithhishandsorphysicalstrengthratherthanhismind.

10.Achronicleisaformalaccountorrecordofaseriesofevents,especiallyhistoricalevents,writtenintheorderinwhichtheyhappened.

III,Mosaic

1.(Omitted)

2."...musthavegivenaddedmomentumtotheimpulsetoraidandtrade,conquerandcolonise."/"TheNorsemencutsuchadashasgangersand,indeed,gangstersthat...."

3.(Omitted)4.(Omitted)

IV.Translation

A.关于世界起源及其灭亡的神话是随着具有不同气候环境的地域而变化的.在寒冷的北欧,世界上的第一个人据说是由一头名叫奥杜姆拉的神牛甜食冰冻的石块而产生,北欧传说中人死后灵魂前往的世界被描绘成一片光裸,单调,雾气蒙蒙的平原,饥肠辘辘,瑟瑟发抖的鬼魂在那里四处游荡.在希腊较温暖的气候条件下孕育的神话则描述,一个名叫普罗米修斯的提坦在布满鲜花的河岸上用泥土捏出人形,然后由雅典娜(她曾是利比亚的月亮女神奈特)赋予生命,而希腊传说中的鬼魂则前往一个没有阳光,没有鲜花的地下洞穴.这样的亡灵世界是专为农奴和平民准备的,在北欧,有功的贵族武士可以前往温暖的,备有蜜酒的神殿,而在希腊,他们则可以前往极乐世界.

B.Duringthe12thcenturyaculturalandeconomicrevivaltookplace,manyhistorianstracetheoriginsoftheRenaissancetothistime.ThebalanceofeconomicpowerslowlybegantoshiftfromtheregionoftheeasternMediterraneantowesternEurope.TheGothicstyledevelopedinartandarchitecture.Townsbegantoflourish,travelandmunicationbecamefaster,safer,andeasier,andmerchantclassesbegantodevelop.Agriculturaldevelopmentwasonereasonforthesedevelopments.Duringthe12thcenturythepopulationrapidlyexpanded,anditwasafactorthateventuallyledtothebreakupoftheoldfeudalstructures.

V.Grouping

Destroyingactorpractice:

slaughter,raid,overrun,attack,sack

TheVikings'disposition,characterandlife:

fightingmen,intrepidlysailed,devotedandresponsiblefamilymen,warriors,peacefullives,socialstructurewiththreestrata,等

ReasonsfortheVikings'successfulexpansion:

bentonexploration等,expandingtraderoutes

TheVikings'influenceonWesternworld:

destroyGod'schurch,mostexcitingandinfluentialforce,theirbeliefs

SocialstrataofNorseworld:

earls,freemen,smallholders,aristocraticthirdclass

1.destruction2.impulses3.aggressive4.piracy5.seapower

VI.TopicsforDiscussionandWriting

(Omitted)

WritingTypeNarration

WritingTypeDescription

(Omitted)

Text16MediterraneanHeritage

I.Vocabulary

1.B.2.D.3.A.4.C.5.B.6.C.7.A.8.C.9.A.10.D.

II.Definition

1.Aconstitution

2.Aprospect

3.Aplement

4.Averse

5.Patrimony

6.Anoffshootisananizationwhichhasdevelopedfromalargerorearlierone.

7.Toassimilateistopletelyunderstandandbegintousenewideas,information,etc.

8.Adisciplineisthetrainingthatdevelopsself-control,character,ororderlinessandefficiency.

9.Virtuesaregoodoradmirablequalitiesorproperties.

10.Toprolongistoextendthedurationofsomethingortocausetocontinuelonger.

III.Mosaic

1.(Omitted)

2.(Omitted)

imitateimitative

interweaveinterwoven

admitadmission

conceiveinconceivable

topicaltopicality

ancestorancestry

dominatepredominantly

discreditdiscreditable

barbarouscivilized

practicalidealistic

insularcosmopolitan

5.(Omitted)

IV.Translation

A.(RefertotherelevantpartoftheChinesetranslation)

B.Englishisalanguageofbothlongstandingandgreatvarietyaswell.StartingfrombeingonlyasmalltongueinShakespeare'sdays,EnglishhasbeethemothertongueofAmerica,Canada,AustraliaandsomeothercountriesbesidesBritain.Infact,itisnowwellonthewaytobeingaworldlanguage.ThepasthundredyearshasseenEnglishtobethetoolofAmericanindependence,worldtrade,themeansofmunicationinvariousfieldsandtheexpressionofnumerousideas,theories,philosophies,naturalsciences,andliteratures.

V.Grouping

Remoteandprimitivestatus:

remote,barbarous,inisolation

Beingre-born,recovered:

revival,Renaissance

Originandsource:

derive,sprangfrom,inheritedfrom,anoffshootof,tooktheirinspirationfrom,emanatedfrom

Linkingandrelationship

acontinuationof,isboundupwith,interwoven,owedimperishabledebtto

Attitudeandbehavior:

introspective,idealistic,instinctive,insular

Schoolsofarts,literatureandphilosophy: