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andappropriateequivalentsforthemintheirtranslatingpractice.3.2Translatingpractice.
Abilingualdictionarynormallyinvolvestwotypesofequivalents,namely,translationalorinsertibleequivalentandexplanatoryequivalentordescriptiveequivalent.Theformerreferstothoseequivalentsthatcanbedirectlychosenasapartofacohesiveandcoherenttext,whilethelatterisakindofinformationoftheoriginallexicalitem."Themaindistinction(betweenthem)isthatwhenchoosingatranslationalorinsertibleequivalent,themainconcernisgiventoitsabilitytobeusedinafluent,goodtranslationofwholesentences,tobeinsertedintocontextsofthetargetlanguagewhereastheexplanatoryordescriptiveequivalentischoseninordertogivemoreinformationaboutthelexicalunitofthesourcelanguage"(Zgusta,319).Itisthedutyofdictionarymakerstobuilduptypicalcontextsthroughdifferentlinguisticmeans,suchas,collocations,typicalsentencesaswellasbracketednotes.Themethodsforprovidingtranslationalequivalentsincludetheprovisionofpossiblechoicesofequivalentpotentials,collocationsofdifferentcategoriesandtypicalillustrationalsentences.
Itisgenerallyagreedthatduetothedifferencesofculturalandconceptualsystemsbetweenthetwodifferentlanguagesconcerned,thetaskofabilingualdictionaryistofindinthetargetlanguagetheequivalentsthatcorrespondmostcloselytothegivenlexicalitemsinthesourcelanguage.Ontheotherhand,ithastobeindicatedthattowhatdegreetheequivalenceistobepresented.Theusersmustbeappropriatelyinformedofthesedifferencessothatnomisunderstandingsorinappropriateusesarisewhenawordorexpressioninthesourcelanguageisreplacedbyitscounterpartinthetargetlanguage.Asaresult,theresponsibilityofthelexicographersistooffertranslationalequivalentswithusageinformationasmuchaspossiblethroughdifferentlinguisticmeanssoastohelptheuserswiththeirprehensionofandexpressioninthesourcelanguage,thatis,toimprovetheirtheir
NOTES
1Inthethesistheword"Chinese"isusedtorefertoanyoneofChinesedescentonbothshoresofthePacificOcean.TheusageisnecessitatedbythefactthatthepaperwritesnotonlyofthoseChinesewhoemigratedtoAmerica,butalsoofsomeChinesewhowereconnectedwithemigrationalthoughtheythemselvesmightneverhaveemigrated.
2TwootherfactorsthatIwanted,butwasunabletoinclude,weretheculturaldefectsentrenchedintheChineseemigrantsandtheindifferentpolicyoftheQinggovernment.FewstudentsoftheChineseexclusionhaveparedthe19thcenturyChinesecivilizationandAmericancivilization,butIbelievebyinstinctthateachhaditsmeritsanddemerits.Whileanymanwithanysensecouldhavehopedthatthetwoshouldlearnfromeachother,thecontraryhappened.Ontheonehand,one-wayassimilationwastheorderoftheday.AnythingAmericanwasconsidereddesirableandanythingun-Americanstrange.Ontheotherhand,theChinese,wellknownfortheirinassimilability,clungtotheoldwaysobstinately.AsaChinesehistoriannoted,"theyweremoreChinesethantheChinese."Physicallywithineachother'ssight,theChineseandtheAmericansseldommadeanyefforttounderstandeachotherortobeunderstoodbytheother.
3Dictionaries,accordingtothelanguagesconcernedanddifferentintentions,canbeclassifiedintothreecategories,namely,monolingual,bilingualandmultilingualdictionaries.Thebilingualdictionaryisfurthergroupedintothreesub-groups(withEnglishandChineseasthesourcelanguageandtargetlanguagerespectively):1)Chinesetranslationsandwithoutthedetailedexplanations.TheauthorisgoingtoputmuchofhisemphasisonthediscussionofthetranslationintheEnglish-Chinesetranslationalbilingualdictionaries.
4SincetranslationisthemostimportantpartintheEnglish-Chinesetranslationalbilingualdictionaries,thelexicalmeaning,whichisthenucleusoftranslationofanyEnglish-ChinesedictionarywithbothdetailedEnglishexplanationsandChinesetranslations,thatis,bilingualizeddictionary,2)Chinese-Englishdictionary,and3)be
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Appendix
硕士学位论文质量评价表
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(评价项目)二级指标
(评价要素)参考标准评价意见A(100～>,90)B(<,90～>,75)C(<,75～>,60)D(<,60)文献资料新闻与论文选题
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(X11,0.4)阅读广泛,了解本领域国内外学术动态,主攻方向明确,资料翔实.阅读较广泛,了解本领域前人的主要工作,明确自己工作的意义,资料较翔实.阅读量基本满足论文需要,能在前人工作基础上,确定自己的工作,资料一般.阅读量较少,资料不足.论文选题
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(X12,0.6)有较大的理论意义和实用价值.有一定的理论意义和实用价值.有理论意义和实用价值.选题理论意义和实用价值不明显,选题不适宜
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