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cusiConstantinBrancusiisaRomanian-bornsculptorwhomadehiscareerinFrance.Hisworksarefeaturedbysymbolicabstractnessanddelicatedesignsofcreaturesinthenature.Usinguniquerawmaterialasmarble,woodandbronze,heisconsideredthepioneerofmodernism,andreputedasthePatriarchofModernSculpture.
Yethisgreatnessdidnoteeasily.Itwasderivedfromhisdeterminationandaudacitytosubverttradition.AtthebeginningofhiscareerinParis,heworkedintwoworkshops.Butheleftthemsoonbecauseinhisview,"Nothingcangrowunderbigtrees."Afterleavingtheworkshops,hehadmorespaceforhisoriginalityforsculpture,andbegantodevelophisrevolutionarystyle.Whenposingasculpture,hedidmorecarving,ratherthanthemethodpopularwithhiscontemporaries,thatofmodelinginclayorplasterwhichwouldbecastinmetal.Becauseofhisworks'uniquenessresultedfromtherawmaterialheused,inacertainperiod,hisworkswerenotevenregardedasworksofartbutindustrialitems.Suchincidentshappened,butBrancusineverthoughtaboutchanginghisartsstyle.
Hisperseverancepaidoffintheend.Duetothewater-likeshapesandpureessenceofthethingshedepictedthatwerereflectedinhisworks,hesoonbecamepopularinFrance,RomaniaandtheUnitedStates.In1913Brancui'sworkwasdisplayedatboththeSalondesIndépendantsandthefirstexhibitionintheU.S.ofmodernart,theArmoryShow.
康斯坦丁·布朗库西
康斯坦丁·布朗库西是一位雕塑家,他出生于罗马尼亚,在法国发展事业.他的作品以自然界中生物的象征性抽象和微妙的造型为特色.因为运用独特的原材料比如大理石,木头和铜,他被认为是现代主义的创始人,被尊为"现代雕塑之父".
然而他的成功来之不易.这成功来自于他颠覆传统的胆量和决心.在他身在巴黎职业初期,他曾在两个工作室工作,但不久便离开了.在他看来,"大树底下寸草不生".离开工作室后,他拥有了更多雕塑原创空间,开始发展他的创新风格.在创作一个雕塑时,他使用更多雕刻技术,而摒弃了他的同僚们惯用的手法,即在黏土或石膏上定形,之后再印到金属上.因为他所使用的原材料,他的作品特别与众不同,在某一时期,这些作品甚至不被认为是艺术品,而被认定为工业产品.虽然这样的事时有发生,布朗库西从未想过改变他的艺术风格.
最终他的坚持获得了回报.由于他的作品中反映出的水一样的线条和所刻画事物的单纯本质,不久之后他就在法国,罗马尼亚和美国成名了.1913年他的作品在法国独立艺术家协会以及美国现代艺术第一个展厅ArmoryShow展出.
HeinrichRudolfHertz
Asismonlybelieved,HeinrichRudolfHertzismostrenownedforbeingthefirstonetoconclusivelyprovetheexistenceofelectromagicwaves.HeclarifiedandexpandedtheelectromagictheoryoflightthathadbeenputforthbyJamesClerkMaxwell.Asaphysicist,Hertzmaintainedaspiritofexplorationandinsistence,andhisstoryinspirespeoplewhointendtopursuecontributionsinthesphereofscience.
Atthattime,peoplefirmlybelievedMaxwell'stheoryofelectromagism,thatis,electromagicwavesexistedandmovedatthespeedoflight,andlightitselfwasjustawave.Thoughitwaspopular,thetheorywasstillonlyaprediction.Encouragedbyhismentor,Hertzwastoproveit.Hemademanyexperimentsandfinallymanagedtomakeaprecisewave-detectingapparatus,thoughhefailedmultipletimesbeforesuccess.Intheexperiment,hediscoveredtheelectromagicwave.Inmoreadvancedexperimentslateron,hemeasuredthevelocityofelectromagicradiationandfoundittobethesameasthelight'svelocity.Healsoshowedthatthenatureofradiowaves'reflectionandrefractionwasthesameasthoseoflightandestablishedbeyondanydoubtthatlightisaformofelectromagicradiationobeyingtheMaxwellequations.
Withhisinsistence,Hertzwasdefinitelyalegendinscience.Hisexperimentssoontriggeredtheinventionofthewirelesstelegraph,radioandtelevision.
海因里希·鲁道夫·赫兹
众所周知,海因里希·鲁道夫·赫兹因他第一个结论性地证明了电磁波的存在而出名.他阐明并扩张了由詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦提出的光电磁理论.作为一名物理学家,赫兹始终保持着探索精神和坚持不懈的精神.他的故事不断激励着想在科学领域做出贡献的人们.
在他的年代,人们坚信麦克斯韦的电磁理论,也就是,电磁波是存在的,它以光速运动,而光不过也就是一种波而已.虽然这个理论很流行,但它毕竟只是一个猜想.赫兹受他的导师鼓舞,决定去证明这个理论.他做了许多实验,在失败了多次之后,终于成功制作出一个精确的测波仪.在这个实验中,他发现了电磁波,而在紧接下来的更深入的实验中,他又测出了电磁波的速度,发现确实和光速一致.他还发现无线电波的反射和折射的本质和光是一致的,并因此证明了光是一种电磁波,就和麦克斯韦方程中描述的一样.
因为他的坚持,赫兹成为了科学史上的传奇.他的实验不久就引发了无线电报,收音机和电视的发明.
LouisArmstrong
LouisArmstrongisanAmericanjazztrumpeterwhocametoprominencein1920s.Hedistinguishedhimselfbygreatdexterityasanimproviser,bendingthelyricsandmelodyofasongforexpressivepurposes.Nooneexceededhiminthefieldinhistimesforplayinghigh-pitchCandF.
Unlikemanygreatmusicianswhogrewupinafamilywithmusicalbackgroundorinarichfamilythatcouldprovideenoughfundsforstudyingmusicalinstruments,LouisArmstrongcamefromapoorslumdistrict,abandonedbyhisfatherwhenhewasaninfant,andlivedatthebottomofthesocietyduringhischildhood.Underbadconditions,singinghadbeentheonlythingthatdelightedhim:heparticipatedinayouthchorusandsanginthestreets,andsometimeshesanginchurchchoir.Henevergaveuphisdreamformusic.DuringhisyearsintheFiskSchoolforBoysfrom10yearsoldto18yearsold,hegotthefirstexposuretocorplaying,andwasmentoredbyatrumpeterPeterDavis.Withtalentanddiligence,hehadmadegreatprogress,andbeeawell-knowncorplayerinNewOrleanswhenhelefttheFiskSchool.In1922hejoinedJoeKingOliverOrchestra.UnderguidanceofOliver,hegr
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