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nguagehasnobasisforitsexistenceifthereisnothought.Butthoughts,thoughaccessiblebyvariousmeans,arebestrepresentedinlanguageandcanthusbestfulfillitsobligationstothespeakersbysuchmeans.Languageasanarbitrary,phoicandmorphologicsemioticandaudiosystemofmunication,haslongdefinedashumanandisthusthemostconvincingdistinctivefeaturesofhumanbeingsfromanimals.

Thethinkingpatternsareoneofthemostimportantcuesinculture.Itiscloselyrelatedtoculturesandembodiesthecharacteristicsofculturalpsychology.Besides,themodesofthinkingalsoarecloselyrelatedtolanguage.Differentmodesofthinkingareembodiedinlanguage.

(i)Therelationshipamonglanguage,cultureandthought

Languageispartofculture.SuchasChineselanguageispartofChineseculture.Eachcountryhasitsownlanguageinaspecificculture.However,theirrelationshipisnotjustbetweenpartandwhole.Languageisthecarrierandcontainedofculture,asmanyaspectsofculturecanbeexpressedinlanguage.Asamirrorofculture,languageisstronglyinfluencedandshapedbyculture.Inall,languageandculturearecloselyrelated,eachinfluencesandshapestheother.

Languageisaninstrumentusedinthemunicationofthought.Itiscloselyrelatedtothought,too.Itrepresentsthoughtandisinfluencedbythought.Inturn,thoughtisinfluencedbylanguage.Inaddition,thoughtisdeterminedbyculturalvalue.Theirrelationshipswitheachotherseemmoreplex.Inaword,eachoftheminfluencesandshapesothers.Theyareseenasthreepartsofawhole.

(ii)DifferentwaysofthinkingbetweenChineseandWestern

"Thewaysofthinkingisquitedifferent,actually,peopleliveincertainareahavetheirownwayofthinking.Itconnectstovariouskindsoffactors,suchasgeography,history,nationandsoon.Thewaysofthinkingaretheimportantreasonofculturaldifference.Itincludesknowledge,concepts,methods,languageandcustomandsoon."(DengYanchang:1997,483)Thesefactorsinfluenceeachother,whichledtodifferentwaysofthinking.Therefore,thewaysofthinkinghavetheirowncharacteristics,likegeographycharacteristics,socialcharacteristicsandnationalcharacteristics,etc.Accordingtogeographycharacteristics,itcanbedividedintoHannation,EnglishandAmericannation,etc.HerewewillmakeaparisononChineseandWesternwaysofthinking.

"Thedifferentwaysofthinkinginfactarethereflectionofculturaldifference.Peoplewholiveindifferentareasforalongtimehavedifferentculturalcharacteristics,therefore,theirwaysofthinkingaredifferent."(ibid484)

Undertheinfluenceofdifferentgeographyenvironments,lifestyles,customsanddifferentculturalvalues,theEastandWestaredifferentfromwaysofthinking.Letusexaminesomephenomena:

Inthecollege,aforeignteacheristeachinginaclass,heistalkativeandexpressive.Everyonelistenstohiminterestingly.Suddenly,hestopsandasksthemaquestion.However,thestudentsdon'tknowhowtoanswer,theydon'ttelltheanswers.Theteachergotalittleangrybuthehadnoideaontheirbehavior.ThissceneoftenhappensinChineseclassroom.Intheforeigners'eyes,theyconsiderthatkeepingsilentisnotagoodwaywhenwecontactwithothers.Evenyoudon'tunderstand,youshouldsaysomethinginsteadofkeepingsilent,asitoftenisregardedasrudeandimpolite.

ThereasonliesinthattheEastandtheWesthaveadifferentwayofthinking.TheEasternpeopleareconservative,introvertandinactive,theyputmoreemphasisonharmony,andtheylikemonandstablelife,whiletheWesternpeoplearemoreopen-minded,extrovertandactive,theylikechangeablelifeandthustheyemphasizeonpetition.Inthisway,theirdifferentwaysofthinkingleadtotheirdifferentunderstandingoneachother'sbehavior.IfChineseseesomebodyistalkative,theycouldthinkheorshewantstoextenthimselforherselftobethefocusofeveryone.

InChina,weseldomseeacouplemakingclosecontactinpublic.Theyarealwayswalkingsidebysideinacertaindistance.WhileintheWest,thecouplewillopentothepublic,theyarefreetoshowthattheyareacouple.Eventheymeettheacquaintances,theyalwaysgivethemahugorkissasgreeting.Controversially,Chinesewillshakehandswiththeirfriendsbutseldomhugthem.Theydon'tkissthemastheyregarditasanintimateactionbetweenhusbandandwife.

ThereasonwhytheeastandthewestpeoplebehavesodifferentlyisthatpeopleliveintheEastemphasizeonethicprincipal,morality,theyfocusondirectfeelingandimage.Thewesternersfocusonfreedom,democracyandemphasizeonindividual.

Inall,Chinesetraditionalwayofthinkinghasitsowncharacteristics.Itemphasizesthemorality,harmonyofthesociety,itpromotesthecollectivism,responsibilityanddevotionandsoon.Thewesternwayofthinkingalsohasitsowncharacteristics.Itemphasizesonlogicandscience,individualachievement,itpromoteshumanright,equalityandsoon.

ThegreatgeographicdistancebetweentheBritishandtheChinesepeoples,togetherwiththeacpanyingdifferentlivingconditionsandculturalenvironments,hasmuchaccountedforthediverseconceptualpatternsofthetwonations.Suchconceptualdifferenceshavebeendulyreflectedinandshedgreatinfluenceonthetwolanguages.Translationbetweenthetwolanguagesisconsequentlyfarbeyondlinguisticrendering,butmoreofculturaltransferringandexchangeofconceptualpatterns.IILiteratureReview

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