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ordingtoJiaDejiang,"thinkingpatterns,thoughtcharacteristicsandthinkingstylesarethephilosophicalmechanismoflanguageproduction.Languageactuallyattachescloselytothethoughtthatistheprofoundmechanism."(JiaDeJiang:2002,166)Thinkingpatternsarethedeep-rootedmechanismintheformulationanddevelopmentoflanguage,whichinturnpromotesthespecialtiesincertainconceptualpatterns.Languageisthecarrierofreflectionandabstractionofreality,andmodeofthoughtistheconsciousactivitywhenpeoplereflectandrecognizetheobjectivereality.Thedifferencesbetweenthinkingpatternsarethemainreasonsthatresultinthedifferencesoflanguageforms,sothestudyofthetransitionbetweendifferentlanguagesshouldbeginwiththestudyofmodesofthoughtincloseconnectionwiththeculturesandthelanguages.Anotherwell-recognizedChineselinguisticscholarLiuMiqinghasofferedapparentlydifferentbutessentiallysimilarremarksontherelationsbetweenlanguageandthought.Hisstandingisthatmodesofthoughthascontrolledoverlanguages(ibid.35),andthatlanguagesaretheconcretemanifestationofmodesofthought.
English-Chinesemodesofthoughthavetheirowncharacteristicsinthinkingcore,thinkingpattern,cognitionhabitsandthinkingprinciples.AsatoolformunicationthebasicattributeofEnglishandChinesearethesame.Butbecauseoftheinfluenceoftheirowncultures,therearemanydifferencesbetweenthetwo.TheEnglishindividualismandtheChineseentirety,hypotaxisasagainstparataxis,aspassivevs.active,staticvs.dynamic,andimpersonalvs.personal,havelongbeenrecognizedasthemostdistinctivefeaturesofthetwoconceptualpatternswhicharejustifiedbytheapparentlydifferentculturesandlivingmethods.AsEugeneNidaonceputsit,themostimportantdifferentcharacteristicbetweenChineseandEnglishisthedifferenceofparataxisandhypotaxis.(ZhangSijie&,ZhangBoran:13)LiuMiqingholdstheopinionthathypotaxisandparataxisarethe"uniquecharacteristic"forEnglishandChinese.(ibid.13)Conceptualpattern,ormodeofthought,isaveryplicatedabstractconceptionconnectedcloselytophilosophy.Englishpeoplepreferindividualism,whichleadtotheirsubordinatingtherecognizedobjectsintosmallparts.WhileChinesepeoplelikeentirety,theyprefertotaketheworldasawhole.Thinkingpatternshavebeenclearlyreflectedonlanguages,asaresultofwhichEnglishishypotacticandChineseisparatactic.
Allmetaphors,Aristotlebelieves,fallintoatleastoneofthesefourcategories,althoughanalogymetaphorsarethemostpleasing.Aristotlealsoholdsthatmetaphorcanmaketheprosaicstylecharming,andstressesthatitcanonlybeconfinedtopoetry(ibid.72).Thisperspectiveleadstothelatertheoristsmakingdistinctionbetweenpoeticlanguageandeverydaylanguage.EspeciallyinChapter21and22ofPoetics,Aristotlestatesthateveryword"iseithercurrent,orstrange,ormetaphor,orornamental,ornewlycoined,orlengthened,orcontracted,oraltered"(ibid.70).ItisobviousthatAristotleclassifiesmetaphorsaslyingoutsidenormallanguageuse.Theyaredeviantoraberrantformsofdiscourse.Healsoholdsthatmetaphorhasnocognitivevalueandismerelyanembellishmentoflanguage(Kittay,1965:1).AlsointhischapterofPoetics,heelaborateshowmetaphorsareunusualanddiscussestherelationshipbetweenmetaphorandgenius,viewingmetaphorasatalentofepicpoetsandtragedians:
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Thegreatestthingbyfaristohaveamandofmetaphor.Thisalonecannotbeimportedbyanother,itisthemarkofgenius—fortomakegoodmetaphorsimpliesaneyeforresemblances(Aristotle,1890:72).
R.KaplanfoundthatintheirEnglishwritingEnglishlearnersofdifferentnationsshownationaltendenciesinaccuratecorrespondencewiththeirnativetongueandnationalthinkingpatterns.Forinstance,theChineseandtheKoreanlearnersarespiralwhilethenativeEnglishlearnersaremorestraightforward,andthoseofLatin(FrenchandSpanish)culturalbackgroundaretortuousinapproachingthetheme,theRussianstendtobeparallelandsegmentalandthoseofArabianandHebrewdisplayparallelthinkingmodes.Inthisaspect,aChinesescholarZhangDaishaninhisChineseThinkingTendencies(Zhangandel:xxx,xx)summarizesthedifferencesbetweentheEnglishandtheChineseinthreeaspects:unitvs.opposite,integrityandanicvs.concreteandmechanicalaswellascirculativevs.straightforward,withtheformercharacteristicoftheChinesewhilethelattertypicaloftheEnglish.TheyholdthattheChinesearecharacterizedintheirthinkingpatternsbytheirintrospection,pursueofsimilarity,circulation,stabilizationandvisualrepresentation.AnotherChinesescholarZhangGuangminginhisConceptualThinkinginTranslationbetweenEnglishandChinese(ZhangGuangming,xxx,xx)concludesthatsuchdifferencesarebestdisplayedinfouraspects,e.g.linguisticconcept,prehensionvs.reasoning,prehensivevs.analyticandunityvs.oppositeness.LianShunenginhisessay"OntheThinkingPatternsoftheChineseandtheWesterners"developsthedifferencesintotenaspects.(LianShuneng:xxx,xx)
AccordingtoRongKaiming(1989,30),thinkingmodesrefersto"anestablishedsystemofthinkingpatterns,thinkingmethodsandthinkingproceduresofthesubjectintheirr
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