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theChinesemeanstoexpresssomeattitudeorimpression,theymaynotstateitdirectlybutratherusemetaphororindicationsbymeansofsomespecificimages.E.g.S4a.Hehadsacrificedwithlessvisibilityinthepolicydecision.
S4b.在决策过程中,他已经不那么抛头露面了.
S5a.我的心里七上八下的.
*S5b.Therearesevenupsandeightdownsinmyheart
S5c.Mymindisgreatlyupset.
Theconceptof"visibility"inS4aisreplacedbytheimageexpressionof"抛头露面"inS4binwhich"头"(head)and"面"(face)areusedtoshowhispresenceorvisibilityintheoccasions.InS5aandS5b,thespecificnumbersof"七"(seven)and"八"(eight)intheChinesearereplaceby"upset"inEnglishbecausetheChinesephrase"七上八下"justusethetwonumberstovividlydescribethegetchaosinthespeaker'smind.YetS5b,thedirectrenderingsoundratherconfusingtoEnglishreadersasfewofthemcanunderstandwhytherearesuchthingsas"sevenupsandeightdowns"inaperson'smind.
Suchinstancesarejustabundantinourdailyspeech,nottomentionthenumerousclassicessaysandliterarymasterpiecesandESTpapers.
3.1.2GeneralizingThinkingvs.AnalyticalThinking
ThedifferencesofphilosophyandculturalbackgroundbetweenEnglishandChinesehaveresultedintherethinkingoftheHannationalityasanentiretythinkingcountryandtheEnglishpeopleindividualcharacteristicsofthinking.
TheChinesepeopleareconcernedmorewiththeirownbodiesinexpressingemotions,sointuitionthinkingisthemainfeatureoftheirmodeofthought,forwhichpeoplestudyobjectsasawholeandemphasizeentirety.Chinesephilosophyissystematicalnaturalism.(MaoGuirong:xxx)
IntheEnglishthinkingpattern,individualismisgreatlyemphasized.TheEnglishpeoplelinktheirownemotiontoplaaryinfluenceandthenaturalelements,sotheypreferanalyticallogicthinking.Targetobjectsaresubordinatedintosmallpartsinordertobescrutinized,which,ofcourse,mayleadthemtoplacetheponentsbeforethewholewhentheytrytoknowsomething.(ibid.420)
Fromthehistoricalviewpoint,wecaneasilyfindthattheHannationalityhaslongestablishedsuchthinkingmodesevensincetheancientages.TheBookofChangesputforwardtheframeworkforthetheoryofentiretywhichconsidersthenaturalphenomenonandthehumanaffairsasawhole.That'swhythebookproposestopredicthumanfortunesbyyinandyangpolesconsistingoftheeight(andlaterfurtherdevelopedintosix-four)gua(divinatorysymbols)system.Suchadoctrinewaslaterperfectedbydaoisminitschaoticandpurestatus,bytaijiinitsdaoandreasoning,andthenbymetaphysics,Buddhism,andbyrationalismoftheSongDynasty.That'swhyintheChineselanguage,sensehasalwaysbeenthedominatorwhiletheexpressionformshasbeenmuchneglected.ButtheWesterners,esp.theBritishnationhasalwaysstressedanalysisandrationalityintheirthinking.Intheirminds,individualismistheprimeconcernandisalwaysdependent,whichhasresultedintheirdualisticphilosophy.Followingsuchperceptions,materialsandspiritsareseparated,justlikehumanandnature,contentandform.SuchthinkingmodescandatebacktoDecartes'conceptionelementalismandlaststoRussell'slogicalelementalism,whichhasgreatlycontributedtothetypologiesinnaturalsciencesinthelate1500sEuropewhichtendstosegmentthenatureandallobjectstotheinfinitesmallerunits.Inmodernlinguistics,theICanalysishascutourlanguagetomorpheme.
S6a:尽管她很年轻,但她懂的东西比你多.
S6b:Youngassheis,sheknowsmorethanyou.
S6c:Thoughsheisyoung,sheknowsmorethanyouknow.
S7a:她气的连话都说不出来.
S7b:Soangrywasshethatshecouldn'tspeak.
S7c:Shewassoangrythatshecouldn'tspeak.
S8a:只有这样才能解决问题.
S8b:Onlyinthiswaycanyousolvetheproblem.
S8c:Theproblemcanonlybesolvedthisway.
TheChinesesentencesclearlydemonstratethedifficultyinunderstandingChinesewithoutnecessarygeneralization.S6c,S7candS8careliteraltranslationoftheChinese,asmostChineselearnersofEnglishmoreoftenthannotwoulddo.SuchtranslationsrevealthattheChineselearnerstendtogeneralizetheEnglishexpressionswithoutsufficientattentiontotheanalyticalnatureofthetargetlanguage.
SimilarinstancejustaboundinbothEnglishandChineseliteratureatvariouslevelsrangingfromdiction,semanticconnotation,denotation,syntacticstructurestocontextualpreferences.It'sabsoluteunnecessaryandimpossibletolistthemonebyonehere.
3.1.3Subject-orientedThinkingvs.Object-targetedThinking
Itisalsocategorizedasintentthoughtandthecognitionthought.TheChinesehabituallytakethepersonorsubjectastheobjectintheirintentthoughtwhiletheWesternerstendtotakethenatureastheobjectfortheircognitivethought.Theintentthoughtisintroverted,thecontraction,emphasizesthemainbody,thereforeChineselinearitydelaysextremelylimitedly,wasfrequentlycounter(fronthaspointedout),Thecognitionthoughtistheextroversion,theradiation,theemphasisobject,thereforeEnglishextremelylittlecounterextendstheexpansion.ThuslinguistMr.WangLispokeChineseistherulebypeoplelanguage,Englishisthegovernmentbylawlanguage.Chineseexpressesthesubjecttakethemainbodyasthecenterwithtostatethetopictherelations,butfrequentlydoesnotindicateinitiativeorpassi
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