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asthegeneraloriginoftheworldandheaven.Butthebookdescribeddaoassomethingfuzzyandshakywithoutanyembodimentandyetwithreferencetoandimplicativeofeverythingunderthesun.TheninZhuangZi'sarguments,daowasfurtherappliedtoexplaintherelationshipamongthingsintheworld,inwhichunityandharmonyamongallobjects(includinghumanbeings)wasgreatlyextended.AccordingtoZhuangZi,theworldaroundusisinprehensibleindetailbutperceivableingeneral.ThisisvividlyembodiedintheChineselanguage.Forinstance,thereisnoarticleinChinese.Whenwerefertosomespecialitems,thereaderoraudiencehavetoguesswhichspecialitemisbeingreferredtoinlightofthecontext.Anotherinstanceistheomissionofnumericalbeforenouns,e.g."冰箱里有鸡蛋和西红柿"------Thereareeggsandpotatoesinthefreezer.ButhowmanyarethereinitNowheretolearn.StillanotherexampleisthecontextualcohesioninChinesedependsheavilyontheinternalrelationshipbetweenparagraphsandsentences,andconjunctionsorprepositionsareoftenunavailable.E.g."他吃完饭去了学校"------Hefinishedmealwenttoschool(Hewenttoschoolafterdinner).TheEnglish,incontrast,laygreatemphasisontheaccuracyofdescriptionandspeech.Suchthinkingmodesarealsodeeprootedintheirphilosophicalconvention.Thewesternershavealwaysshownmoreinterestinscienceandtechnologythatdemandaccuracyandprecisionandobjectiveness.Andsohavebeentheirlanguages.Whenevertheytalkaboutsomething,theytrytobeaccurateandsyntacticallywell-constructedandtherearemorefunctionalwordsinEnglishthaninChineseessays.
InChinesewehaveaword"气"(qi)-----物质之气,人生性命之气,能动的实体之气,正气.ButhowshallweunderstandtheseqiinEnglishActuallytheyaregreatlydiversifiedinmeaning,referringtomaterialforce,air,vitality,vitalenergyandintegrity.
S18a:此刻自己也跟了进去,一则宝玉不便,二则黛玉嫌疑.罢了,倒是回来的妙.(《红楼梦》第七十二回)
S18b:IfIgoinnowafterhim,heissuretofeelembarrassedandsheissuretostartimaginethings.Itwouldbebettertogobackwithoutseeingher.(Chapter72,ADreaminRedMansions)
It'snotdifficulttoseethattheChineseversionisquiteobscureinmanycases."跟了进去"-----followinside,butfollowwhomTheauthordoesn'ttellasit'snotnecessarytotellinChineseandit'suptothereadertounderstandfromthecontext.ButtheEnglishversionputsitclearly----"afterhim,Baoyu".Whatdoes"不便"(inconvenient)meanhereWhatkindofinconvenienceisitAndwhatkindof"嫌疑"(suspicion)isreferredtoTheChineseversionisquiteambiguousandevenconfusing.Butthereadercanunderstandit.YetitshouldnotbeliterallyrenderedintoEnglish.InsteadtheabovequestionsarebothansweredintheEnglishversion."不便"(inconvenient)meansBaoyu'sembarrassmenttotalklovetohisloveinfaceofathirdperson.And"嫌疑"(suspicion)referstoDaiyu'ssuspicionofBaoyu'ssincerityinhislove-------whyshouldBaoyugetsomeonearoundifhereallymeanstoexpresshistruelovetoherDaiyumayimaginethatBaoyuhasgottheguyaroundonpurpose------findreasonsnottoexpresshisloveforherbecausehehasnoloveforheratall.SotheEnglishversionreads"starttoimaginethings",asvividrepresentationoftheChineseversion.
3.1.6Hypotaxisvs.Parataxis
Thedifferencesbetweenhypostasisandparataxishavehelpedtoformthetwolanguagestheirownstyles.
IntheparisonsandtheorystatedabovewehaveknownthatEnglishusesmanyconjunctions,prepositionsandotherconnectivemeanstomakelinksbetweenphrasesandwords,becauseofwhichthelanguageismorelogicalandbetteranized.SoMaoRongguiholdstheopinionthatEnglishisakindoflanguagethatisfullofvirilequalities,forthecharacteroflinearlogic,anizationandration,whichhasledittobe"masculinity".(LarryA.Samovar:xxx)
Ontheotherhand,Chinesehasgotitsownbeauty,whichdoesn'tpaytoomuchattentiontologicaldescriptionoftheobjectivereality.Furthermore,itisnotclingingwiththecriterionofthelanguagestructure.Chineseisakindoflanguagethatshowsthecharacterof"femininity",andthecharmingofitliesinitsloosestructure.(HuWenzhong:xxx)
Fromtheparisonsabovewemayseethatthedifferencesbetweenhypotaxisandparataxishaveresultedinthedifferentsentencestructuresandlanguageexpressionforms.Theformingofthesedifferences,inmyopinionmustbetracedbacktothediversityoftheirthinkingpatterns,fortheyarecloselyconnectedwiththewaytorecognizetheworldandtojudgewhatisthemostimportant.
S19a.你学习努力,就能通过考试,不努力就通不过考试
*S19b.Youwillworkhardandyoucanpasstheexams.Youwon'tworkhardandyouwillfailintheexams.
S19c.Ifyouworkhard,youwillpasstheexam,otherwiseyou'llfail.
S20a.他是个很有经验的商人,他从事外贸好多年了.
*S20b.Heisanexperiencedbusinessman.Hehasengagedinforeigntradeformanyyears.
S20c.Heisanexperiencedbusinessmanbecausehehasengagedinforeigntradeformanyyears.
S21a.他们之间了解的多一些,相处得就好一些了.
S21b.Nowthattheyknowmoreabouteachother,theygetonbetter.
TheabovespecimensareconvincingenoughindemonstratinghowtheChineseemphasize
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