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hypotaxisintheirspeechwhiletheEnglisharemoreparataxis-considerate.3.1.7SomeOtherClassifications
Asdifferentscholarsmayapproachthisissuefromdifferentviewpoints,thedifferencesbetweentheChineseandEnglishthinkingmodescanbefurthercategorizedinsomeotheraspects.Actuallytherearesomanyfactorstoconsiderindistinguishingthethinkingmodesofthetwonationsthatitisneitherpracticalnornecessarytodiscussthemallhere.Thefewbriefedbelowarejustafewsandsontheseashore.
a.BackwardThinkingvs.PredictiveThinking
IthasbeenfoundthattheChinesetendtoconsidermattersinpredicativeorderwhiletheEnglishprefersbackwardthinking.(ZhouFangzhu:xxx,95)Forinstance,theChinesewouldusuallygivereasonsbeforepresentingtheconsequenceswhiletheEnglishwouldratherstatetheresultbeforegivingthecauses.E.g.
S22a:Shewasamazedthatheshouldarrivesosoon.
S22b:他来得真快,让她惊奇不已.(Hehadarrivedsosoonandthissurprisedherverymuch)
S23a:Herealizedthatshewascryingbecauseofwhathehadsaid.
S23b:他认识到他的一番话让她哭了.(Herealizedthatbecauseofhiswordsshecried)
Andsuchtendenciescanbeexaminedinmanyotheraspectssuchastimesequence,physicaldirections,psychologicaldistances,etc.
b.IntrospectiveThinkingvs.ExtroversiveThinking
ItisgenerallyagreedthattheChineseareintrospectiveintheirthinking,whichisbestillustratedbysomewidelyacceptedChinesesayingssuchas"静坐常思自己过,闲谈莫论他人非"(Trytoreflectonyourownfaultswhenspared,butnevergossiponothers'mistakewhilechatting),"修身,齐家,治国,平天下"(upgradeyourselftosupportthefamily,helpthestateandbenefitthepeople).Inmostcases,modestyhasbeenoneoftheessentialmoralsoftheChinese,whichservesasanotherinstanceoftheintrospectivethinkingoftheChinese------theyshouldneverboastofbeingthebestbutshouldalwaysstriveforthebetterbyfindingflawsintheirworkorbehavior.TheEnglish,incontrast,striveforsuccesswithgreatself-confidenceandpraisesfromothersareusuallyacceptedimmediatelyandparentsarealwaystryingtofindprogressintheirchildren."Makingadifferenceistheorderoftheday"hasbeenmonbeliefformostEnglish-speakingnations.Evenwhenpresentingsomeprinciples,theChineseprefertoimplyorindicatewhiletheEnglishwouldstatethemstraightforwardwithoutanyhesitation.
c.dialecticalThinkingvs.LogicalThinking
AnotherspecialtyoftheChinesethinkingmodeliesinthedialecticalelements.TheChineseseldomconsiderthingsisolatebutratherdialectical.TheeasiestinstanceistheChinesephrase"舍得"("affordtolose"inthemonsense)whichactuallyimpliesthatyoushouldfirstofalloffersomethingtoothersifyoumeantogetsomethingback.TogiveandtotakearetwooppositeactionsbutinChinesethecontradictoryactionsarebinedinonephrase"舍得"------totakebygiving.TheEnglishhavestrictsenseoflogicandthingsareblackorwhite,nomiddlepositionorbinationofthetwo.
d.collectiveandselectivethinking
Incorrespondencetootheraspectsoftheirthinkingmodes,theChineseprefercollectivethinkingwhiletheEnglishselective.Thatis,theChinesewouldfocusonthegeneralimpressionorfinalresultorthedominatingtendencywithoutcaringmuchaboutthedetailsofmatters.YettheEnglishwouldfocusonthedetailsbeforeconcludingthefinalresults.Suchthinkingmodeshaveaccountedforthedifferentpolitical,economic,culturalandevenscientificandtechnologicaldevelopmenttrailsinthehistoryofthetwonations.Forinstance,theChineseareart-orientedinsuchtechniquesascooking,garments,paintingandmusic,andaboveall,personalpoliticalprogresswhiletheEnglishhaveprovedgreateradvantageintechnologicalsciencessuchasmachinery,mathematicalanalysisandsimilartechniquesdemandinggreatfocusonaccuratemeasuringandcalculationofdetails.
Inspiteofthegreatdifferencesbetweenthetwonationsintheirthinkingmodes,similaritiesareobviousandeasilyavailableintoomanyaspects.Butthisisnotthefocushereanddoesnotdemandordeserveanydetailedargumentationhere.
3.2LinguisticFeaturesResultingfromDifferencesofThinkingPatterns
Theeffectofdifferentthinkingmodesonlinguisticconstructionisalsoapparentinthelexical,syntactic,contextualandgrammaticalfeaturesofthetwolanguages.
3.2.1LexicalFeatures
Morphemesaretheessentialunitsoflanguage.Sovocabularyusuallyrevealstheclassificationofthespeakersofalanguage.Thatis,theyhavedividetheobjectsaroundusaccordingtodifferentcriteria.Forinstance,wehave"黑色金属"and"有色金属".Butcantheybetranslatedinto"blackmetal"and"coloredmetal"literallyOfcoursenot.TheChinese"黑色金属"refersto"ferrousmetals"and"有色金属"tonon-ferrousmetals.ThismeansthattheChinesedistinguishmetalsfromtheexternalcolorswhiletheEnglishclassifythemonlightoftheexistenceofironinthemetal.Anotherinstancemaybetterexplainthedifference.InEnglishwehave"whitemeat"and"redmeat"whicharenotavailableinChinese.ThatmeanstheEnglishhaveclassifiedanimalmeatinawaypletelydifferentfromthatoftheChinese.
Suchexamplesarejusttooeasytofindinthevocabularyofthetwolan
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