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ionsofpeoplehavetheirIQmeasuredannually,manywithadirectdescendantofBi'soriginaltest,althoughnotnecessarilyforthepurposeBiintended.Hedevelopedhistestasawayofidentifyingpublicschoolstudentswhoneededextrahelpinlearning,andthatisstilloneofitsleadinguses.ButthebroaderandmorecontroversialuseofIQtestinghasitsrootsinatheoryofintelligence—partscience,partsociology—thatdevelopedinthelate19thcentury,beforeBi'sworkandentirelyseparatefromit.(48)ChampionedfirstbyCharlesDarwin'scousinFrancisGalton,itheldthatintelligencewasthemostvaluablehumanattribute,alotofwhichcouldhelppeoplebeidentifiedandputinleadershippositions.
TermanbelievedIQtestsshouldbeusedtoconductagreatsortingoutofthepopulation,sothatyoungpeoplewouldbeassignedonthebasisoftheirscorestoparticularlevelsintheschoolsystem,whichwouldleadtocorrespondingsocioeconomicdestinationsinadultlife.ThebeginningoftheIQ-testingmovementoverlappedwiththeeugenicsmovement—hugelypopularinAmericaandEuropeamongthe"bettersort".
In1958aBritishsociologistnamedMichaelYoungcoinedtheword"meritocracy"todenoteasocietythatanizesitselfaccordingtoIQ-testscores.TermanandmanyotherearlyadvocatesofIQtestinghadinmindthecreationofanAmericanmeritocracy,thoughtheworddidn'texistthen.(49)TheybelievedIQtestscouldbethemeanstocreate,forthefirsttimeever,asocietyinwhichadvantagewouldgotothepeoplewhodeserveditratherthantothosewhohadbeenbornintoit.
Inordertobelievethis,though,youhavetobelievethatmeritandascoreonanIQtestarethesamething.(50)LongbeforeIQwasinvented,Americaprideditselfonbeingacountrywithoutaclasssystem,inwhichpeopleoftalentandindustrywouldriseandberewarded.TheadventofintelligencetestsdidnotdramaticallyaffectthedegreeofsocialmobilityintheU.S.—atleastnotenoughforanychangetoshowupinthesocial-sciencedata.
SectionIIIWriting
PartA
51.Directions:
OneofyourfriendsWangTaoisgoingtopursuehisM.A.studiesatPrincetonUniversity.Hewillarrivethereonemonthbeforeregistration.WritealettertoyourfriendMarkGreenatthatuniversity.
1)introduceWangTao
2)askhimtohelpWangTaogetfamiliarwiththeuniversityandrentanapartmentthere.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.
Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)
PartB
52.Directions:
Writeanessayof160—200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould
1)describethedrawingbriefly,
2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen
3)giveyourments.
YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)
试题答案
SectionI
1.C2.D3.A4.A5.B6.B7.C8.A9.D10.B
11.A12.C13.D14.C15.B16.D17.A18.B19.D20.C
SectionII
PartA
21.D22.A23.B24.D25.C26.B27.D28.A29.C30.B
31.C32.D33.D34.B35.A36.B37.D38.B39.D40.C
PartB
41.E42.B43.G44.F45.D
PartC
46.然而,是一位美国人LewisTerman(斯坦福大学的心理学教授)尝试将智商测试分数表现出的"心理/智力年龄"除以他或她的生理年龄,得出了一个数值,他将其称之为智商(IQ).
47.没有一个国家像美国那样彻底地信奉IQ,每年数百万美国人测试他们的智商,很多人都使用Bi原始测试题的直接派生品,但其目的不一定符合Bi的初衷.
48.这种理论最早得到达尔文的表弟弗朗西斯·高尔顿的支持,该理论认为,智力是最有价值的人类特质,很高的智力(很多的这种特质)会帮助人们得到认可并被推举到领导者的位置上.
49.他们相信智商测试可以第一次成为创造这样一个社会的手段:在此社会中,好处会给予理应得到好处的人,而不是给那些生来就已经获得好处的人.
50.早在IQ发明以前,美国以自己是无阶级体系的国家而自豪,在这个国家,有才能,勤奋的人会崛起,会得到回报.
SectionIII
小作文范文
DearM,
IamwritingtointroduceWangTao,oneofmybestfriends,toyou.HehasjustgraduatedfromTsinghuaUniversitythisyearandwillpursuehisM.A.studiesatPrincetonUniversity.Ashewillarriveonemonthbeforeregistration,itwouldbedifficultforhimtosettledown.SoIamwonderingifyoucouldoffersomehelptohim.Wouldyoushowhimaroundtheuniversityandgivehimsomeguidanceonthelifeandacademicstudiesinthisuniversity
Astheuniversitydoesnotprovidelodging,wouldyoukindlyhelphimrentanapartmentIwouldappreciateitsomuchforyourhelp.HeisveryniceandIbelieveyouwillgetalongwellwithhim.
Yourssincerely,
LiMing
大作文范文
Ascanbeseenfromthepicture,amanisstandingbytheprecipice,withablacksignbehindhim,whichindicatestherightdirection.Thetitlereads"Direction".
Obviously,thispictureintendstoconveytousthismessage:itisnotwherewearethatcountsbutthedirectionwechoosedoes.Putanotherway,ifwedon'thavearightdirectionorsetupawronggoal,alloureffortswilljustturnouttobeafailure.Wemayevengetintodangeroussituations.
IwanttotakeLiKaifu,aformervicepresidentofMicrosoft,asanexample.Hisfirstmajorwaslawstudies,butsoonhefoundhimselfcrazyaboutprogramming.HeresolutelychangedhisgoalandstrivedtogetAgradesinalltheputercourses.Theresultwasrewarding:heisnowaworldfamousputerscientist.Withoutthischange,hecouldbeamediocrelawyerbutcouldneverbeasgreatasheisnow.
Awrongdirection,ontheotherhand,maypushusoveraprecipice,justasthepicturehasindicated.Naturally,it'snotexaggeratingtosaythatthedirectionorgoalmeanslifeanddeath.Itisthereforehighlysensible
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