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关于外语教学类论文范文集,与规范和统一外宣用语的英文翻译相关论文格式模板
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ry18Ⅲ.ImperialEra21
Ⅳ.ModernPeriod26
Chapter3Language29
Ⅰ.Origin29
Ⅱ.Development31
Ⅲ.Character33
Ⅳ.FourTreasures35
Chapter4Culture39
Ⅰ.CulturalRelic39
Ⅱ.LiteraryWork45
Ⅲ.PerformingArt59
Chapter5Education66
Ⅰ.AncientAchievement67
Ⅱ.ModernDevelopment76
Chapter6Science79
Ⅰ.FourGreatInventions80
Ⅱ.TraditionalMedicine82
Ⅲ.WorldLeadingAchievement88
Chapter7Philosophy92
Ⅰ.Confucianism92
Ⅱ.Taoism97
Ⅲ.Buddhism101
Ⅳ.ChristianityandIslam104
Chapter8Architecture107
Ⅰ.Feature107
Ⅱ.Type109
Ⅲ.Craftsmanship127
Chapter9FolkCulture130
Ⅰ.LunarCalendar130
Ⅱ.TraditionalHoliday133
Ⅲ.RitualPractice145
Ⅳ.Custom151
Chapter10Life159
Ⅰ.DieteticCulture159
Ⅱ.Costume175
Ⅲ.Sport183
Ⅳ.Entertainment190
PartTwoLocalCulture
Chapter11Profile199
Ⅰ.JiangsuProvince199
Ⅱ.YangtzeDelta208
Chapter12GatewaytoSuzhou214
Ⅰ.HistoricalBriefing215
Ⅱ.Achievement217
Ⅲ.Development222
Chapter13SuzhouCloseUp230
Ⅰ.Suzhou,VeniceintheOrient231
Ⅱ.HistoricalTownship240
Chapter14FeaturedArchitecture250
Ⅰ.TempleandPagoda251
Ⅱ.GovernmentBuildingandGuildHall256
Ⅲ.ClassicalGarden260
Chapter15CultureandLife276
Ⅰ.LanguageandArt277
Ⅱ.Handicraft288
Ⅲ.Cuisine295
Ⅳ.Festival302
Ⅴ.Lifestyle305
References312
Chapter1GeneralSurvey
Ⅰ.Geography
ChinaliesintheeastofAsiaandwestofthePacificOcean,backingthelandandfacingthesea.CoveringonefourthoftheAsianlandarea,oronefifteenthofthatoftheworld,ChinastartsinthenorthfromthecentrallineofthemainchanneloftheHeilongjiangRiver,extendingsouthtotheZengmuReefoftheNanshaIslands,withanorthsouthlengthof5,500km.BeginningintheeastattheconfluenceofthemainchannelsoftheHeilongjiangandtheWusulijiangRivers,ChinareachesthePamierPlateauinXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegioninthewest,withaeastwestdistanceof5,000km.Chinastopographyvariesinalltypes,includingmountainousregions,plateaus,hills,basins,plains,Gobi,deserts,andcaves,whicharealltypicalandmagnificent.TheQingzangPlateau,called"theroofoftheworld",isthehigheststepinChinasthreesteptopography,descendinggraduallyfromthewesttotheeast,withanaverageelevationof4,000m.AroundthehigheststeparetheKunlunMountain,theQilianMountain,theLongmenMountain,andtheDaliangMountain.Attheeastedgeofthelowsteplieshallowseaslopeswhicharenomorethan200mdeep.MountQomolangmaintheborderingareabetweenChinaandNepalisthehighestpeakontheearth.Thewholecountrycanbedividedintothreenaturaltopographicaldistricts:theeasternmoistmonsoonareaswithrunningwaters,thenorthwesterndroughtareaswithamixtureofwinderosions,iceerosionsandrunningwaters,theQingzanghighandcoldareaswithicecoldandwinderosions.Chinaisoneofthecountriesintheworldwhichhavethemostrivers.Thereareover1,500riverscovering1,000km2inarea.ThemostfamousonesaretheYangtzeRiver,thelongestinChinaandAsiaandthethirdlongestintheworld,andtheHuangheRiver(alsocalledtheYellowRiver),thesecondlongestinChina.Therearealsomanymanmaderivers,ofwhich,theGrandCanalistheoldestandthelongestintheworld.StartingfromBeijinginthenorthandendingatHangzhouinthesouth,theCanal,withatotallengthof1,800km,flowsthroughBeijing,Tianjin,Hebei,Shandong,JiangsuandZhejiangandconnectstheriversystemsoftheHaiheRiver,theHuangheRiver,theHuaiheRiver,theYangtzeRiver,andtheQiantangjiangRiver.The2000yearoldCanal,asfamousastheGreatWall,hasplayedveryimportanttransportationandirrigationrolesfromthenorthtothesouth.Chinasrivers,bytheirflowcirculationpatterns,canbedividedintoexternalandinternalrivers.
Ⅱ.Nationality
Chinaisaunifiedmultinationalcountry.Eversincetheancienttime,theHannationalityandtheminoritynationalitieshavealtogetherexperiencedhistoricalupsanddowns.Togetherthesenationalitieshavedevelopedthisvastandfertileland,createdthesplendidChinesehistoryandculture,andmadegreatcontributionstotheunificationofChina.ThecurrentChinesenationconsistsof56nationalities,ofwhich,theHannationalitycovers91%ofthewholepopulation.ThefollowingareintroductionsoftheChineseminoritynationalities.1.PopulationandDistributionBeginningfrom1953,Chinahasanizedfourlargescalenationalityidentificationinvestigations.By1954,theChinesegovernmenthadidentified38nationalities.Furtherto1964,another15hadbeenidentified.TheGebanationalitywasidentifiedin1965andJinuoin1979.In2000,thetotalChinesepopulationwas1.26583billion,ofwhich,theHannationalityhad1.15940billion(91.59%),andtheminoritynationalitiescovered106.43million(8.41%).Also,ofthe55minoritynationalities,18hadapopulationover1million.TheyweretheMongolia,theHui,theZang,andtheZhuang.Therewerealso15minoritynationalities,suchastheLili,theWa,andtheFannationalities,whosepopulationwasmorethan100,000butfewerthan1million.Another15minoritynationalitieshadapopulationmorethan10,000butfewerthan100,000,forexample,theBrown,theShala,andtheMaonannationalitieswereincluded.Therewerestillanothersevenminoritynationalitieswhosepopulationwasfewerthan10,000.TheyweretheMenba,theElunchun,andtheDulongnationalitieswereincluded.Therewereanother734,000peoplewhosenationalitieswerenotidentified.Theminorityna
关于外语教学类论文范文集,与规范和统一外宣用语的英文翻译相关论文格式模板参考文献资料：