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nfluence[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence
[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers
[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential
35.whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence
[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted
[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers
[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced
[D]Theinclinationtorelyonothers
Text4
Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit'sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.
Unfortunately,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingpromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.
AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirinestatement.BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives."Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls"theuseofjudgmentbymanagement."
EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitpletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeanmissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"intherealword"andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.
Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongpla,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank'ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.
Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America'snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevenbativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityformspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.
36.Bankersplainedthattheywereforcedto
[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules
[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties
[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers
[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets.
37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin
[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement
[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem
[C]thebanks'long-termassetlosses
[D]theweakeningofitsindependence
38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB'sattemptto
[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.
[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.
[C]actontheirowninrule-setting.
[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.
39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere"onthewrongpla"inthatthey
[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators
[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets
[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.
[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.
40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof
[A]satisfaction.
[B]skepticism.
[C]objectiveness
[D]sympathy
PartB
Directions:
ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout,theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,paredwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.
[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-merce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyar
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