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关于参考文献论文范文检索,与商务英语专业毕业文模板相关论文摘要
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g,investigation,orreflection"("Study,"def.1888).Fromthisdefinition,wecanidentifytwokindsofstudy:oneisreceptivestudymainlythroughreadingandtheotheriscriticalstudythroughinvestigationorreflection.Moretypesofstudycanberecognisedwhenwemakereferencetodifferenteducationaltheoreticalsources."Productivestudy"isproposedheretodeveloptheeducationalidea"Usewhatyouhavejustreadtolearnwhatyouhavejustread"(BiehlerandSnowman438)."Creativestudy"canbeapotentialdirectionineducationwhenweacceptSternbergandWilliams'sadvice"Youcanlearnandteachcreativethinking"and"developcreativityinyourself,inyourstudents,andinyourcolleaguesandstaffmembers"(1).
Inthissection,theseideaswillbetentativelydevelopedintheELTcontext.
3.1Receptivestudy
Receptivestudyoccurswhenyoureceiveinformationfromtheoutsideworld.Inthecaseofforeignlanguagelearning,successfulreceptivestudyisexpectedtobebasedonKrashen's"moreprehensibleinput"(39)andAusubel's"meaningfulreceptionlearning"(Hohn224).Here,meaningfulmunicationisthekeytosuccess.Inreceptivestudy,youselectandtakeinwhatisnewandmeaningfultoyou.
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3.2Productivestudy
Productivestudyoccurswhenyouusewhatyouhavelearned.Thisismoredemandingbecauseitresultsfromyourrecallingwhatyouhavelearned.Forexample,ifyouwanttoretellastoryinEnglish,youhavetomemoriseenoughwordsandsentencepatternsaswellastheplotofthestory.Inreceptivestudy,youmaytrysomeinformedwiseguesseswiththehelpofthecontextofmunication.However,guessingtechniquesareoflittleuseinlanguageproduction.
Inforeignlanguagelearning,thereisakindofspecialproductionformemorisationratherthanformunication:itoccurswhenyoureciteanewtextbyrepeatingitagainandagainsilentlyoraloudtoyourselforwhenyouwriteitforseveraltimes.
Productivestudycanhelplearnersconsolidatetheknowledgeofthetargetlanguageanddevelopfluencyandaccuracy.However,itisnotveryhelpfulforthedevelopmentoflearners'analyticalskillsandcreativepotentialsifthelearnersaresatisfiedwithsuchreproductivefluencyandaccuracy.Intheclassroomsofmanymiddleschools,itisnotdifficulttoseeastudentflipthroughthepagestofindouttheanswertotheteacher'squestionandreaditaloud.
Table2ComparingtheComponentsofStudyPlansbetweenSuccessfulandUnsuccessfulLearnersofEnglish(Adaptedfrom文秋芳58)
ComponentsofastudyplanSuccessfullearners(5)Unsuccessfullearners(5)What55When42How51Why51Answer:Differencebetweenthemspecific/concrete/cleargeneral/abstract/vague
3.3Criticalstudy
Criticalstudyesfromyouranalysisofwhatyouhavelearned.Youranalysisisessentiallycharacterisedbycriticalthinking.AselaboratedbyWood,criticalthinkingdoesnotmeantocriticiseorfindfault.Itmeans"touseavarietyofmentalactivitiestoacquiregreaterunderstandingandinsight"and"thesementalactivitiesincludeaskingwhy,makingparisonsandcontrasts,analyzingcausesandeffects,orlookingforproblemsandsolutions"(Wood305).Inaclassofstudyskilltraining,theteacherpresentedtheresearchfindingsasshowninTable2andthenaskedthestudentstouseapairofadjectivesoppositeinmeaningtodescribethemajordifferencebetweenthesuccessfullearners'studyplansandthoseofunsuccessfullearners.Itwasdifficultforthestudentstoindicatethedifferencewithantonymousadjectives.Sotheteacherhadtogiveoneadjectivetoelicittheotherfromthestudents.Thisshowsthedemandingnatureofcriticalthinking.
3.4Creativestudy
Creativestudyleadsyoufromthestageofreceivingandusingknowledgetothestageofdiscoveringnewknowledgebyresearchstartedfromcriticalthinking.Itischaracterisedbycreativethinking,abinationofdivergentthinkingandconvergentthinking.
AccordingtoEncyclopaediaBritannica,divergentthinkingis"anactivitythatleadstonewinformation,orpreviouslyundiscoveredsolutions,ratherthantoapredetermined,correctsolution"("DivergentThinking").Itisakindofmentalactivityconsideringdifferentperspectivesanddiscoveringtheunderlyingimplicitrelationshipsbetweenthefactorsinvolved.Inforeignlanguagelearning,whenthelearnerwantstofindouttherelationshipbetweenformsandfunctionofthetargetlanguage,heorshewillbeengagedindiscoveringhowalinguisticformcanbeusedtoperformdifferentmunicativefunctionsorhowamunicativefunctioncanbeperformedwithdifferentlinguisticforms.
Convergentthinkingisanactivitywhichresortsto"one'sabilitiestoassembleandanizeinformation"andtriestoreach"adefinedgoalintheachievementofaneffectivesolutiontoaproblem"bymakinguseof"theponentsofone'spastandpresentexperienceinanizingordirectingone'sresponse"("ConvergentThinking").Inthecaseofusingthetargetlanguage,thelearnermayselectthemostappropriatelinguisticmeansfromhisorherin
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