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关于参考文献方面论文范文例文,与塞缪尔·约翰逊文学理新相关论文怎么写
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【摘 要】塞缪尔约翰逊主编的《莎士比亚集》,有校勘、注释和评论.约翰逊认为戏剧基于想象,各幕之间在空间和时间上的变异是应该允许的.他认为三一律之中,只有行动的一致性是重要的,空间的一致性和时间的一致性是虚妄的.莎士比亚不受这一规则的束缚,正是伟大之处.本文对莎士比亚的道德缺失,粗俗语言和情节安排混乱进行讨论.
【关 键 词】塞缪尔约翰逊；《莎士比亚全集》；个人经历；社会；宗教
1.IntroductiontoSamuelJohnsonandPrefacetoShakespeare
SamuelJohnsonwasanEnglishauthorwhomadelastingcontributionstoEnglishliteratureasaessayist,poet,moralist,biographer,literarycritic,editorandlexicographer.JohnsonwasadevoutAnglicanandmittedTory,andhasbeendescribedas"themostdistinguishedmanoflettersinEnglishhistory"andthesubjectof"themostfamoussingleworkofbiographicalartinthewholeofliterature".
Johnson'sPrefacetoShakespeareexpresseshisgroundingofcriticaljudgmentonmoralityandhisideathatpoetsshouldconcernthemselveswithrepresentinggeneralnaturethanparticularexperience.Thelong-sustainedexperienceofmankindisJohnson'stestforolderwritersandShakespeareispreeminentbecauseheisthepoetof"generalnature."Shakespeare'sappealrestsonhisabilitytoportrayhumannature,notkingsorRomans.ThisisShakespeare's"mirroroflife"thathasstoodthetestoftimeandthatnarrowercriticshavemisunderstood.
该文url http://www.sxsky.net/zhengzhi/050305100.html
Aboveall,JohnsonpointsoutShakespeare'sthreeshortingsinPrefacetoShakespeare--thatis--Shakespeare'slackofmorality,hisvulgarityandhiscarelessnessincraftingplotsandhisoccasionalinattentivenesswhenchoosingwordsorwordorder.ThosewhoareaccustomedtothebeliefthatShakespearecoulddonowrongmaybesurprisedbyJohnson'sstrictlyjudicialappraisalofthebard'sfaultsandvalues.Inmyfinalthesis,IhavecollectedmanymaterialstopleadforShakespeare.IwillanalyzehisshortingsfromShakespeare'spersonalexperienceandthesocietyinhistimes.
2.ExplanationsforShakespeare'sShortings
2.1Shakespeare'sPersonalExperience
ShakespearewasborninStratford-upon-Avonandbaptizedthereon26April1564.Althoughnoattendancerecordsfortheperiodsurvive,mostbiographersagreethatShakespearewasprobablyeducatedattheKing'sNewSchoolinStratford.GrammarschoolsvariedinqualityduringtheElizabethanera,butthegrammarcurriculumwasstandardizedbyroyaldecreethroughoutEngland,andtheschoolwouldhaveprovidedanintensiveeducationinLatingrammarbaseduponLatinclassicalauthors.Attheageof13,Shakespearedroppedouthisschooltohelphisparentstoremaininbusinessafterhisfatherhadgonebankrupt.Between1585and1592,hebeganasuccessfulcareerinLondonasanactor,writer,andpartownerofaplayingpanycalledtheLordChamberlain'sMen,laterknownastheKing'sMen.Shakespeare'searlyplaysweremainlyediesandhistoriesincludingAll'sWellThatEndsWell,AsYouLikeIt,MeasureforMeasure,AMidsummerNight'sDreamandsoon.InPrefacetoShakespeare,JohnsonmentionsthattheplotsinShakespeare'splaysareoftenlooselyformed,thataveryslightconsiderationmayimprovethemandsocarelesslypursuedthatheseemsnotalwaysfullytoprehendhisowndesign.Inaddition,JohnsonsaysthatwhenShakespearefoundhimselfneartheendofhiswork,heshortenedthelabortosnatchtheprofit.Thereforeheremitshiseffortswhereheshouldmostvigorouslyexertthemandhiscatastropheisimprobablyproducedorimperfectlyrepresented.
AfterafullystudyaboutShakespeare'searlylife,wecanunderstandhiscarelessnessandvulgarityincraftingtheplots.Helivedinsuchabigfamilyandhewasresponsibleforsupportinghisfamily.Shakespearewasinterestedinplays,sohebegantoearnmoneybyplayingaroleonstages.Laterhehadanideathathecanearnmoneybywritingplaysalso.Inmyopinion,mostofShakespeare'searlywritingscanonlyrepresentamonyounger'sinterestinwritingplaysaswellasatoolforfood.MoneyweresignificantlyvitalforyoungShakespeare,sohedidn'thaveenoughtimetorevisethewritingsagainandagain.Therefore,somelooseplotsinhisearlyediesmaybeneglectedbyhimself.What'smore,occasionallooseplotsdon'thaveaconsiderablybadeffectonhisedies.
2.2SocialStatusinShakespeare'sTimes
There'rethreestagesinShakespeare'screationofplays.TheanalysisofShakespeare'swritingstagescanhelpustounderstandthechangesofShakespeare'scharacters.InPrefacetoShakespeare,Johnsonmentionsthat"Thecensurewhichhehasincurredbymixingicandtragicscenes,asitextendstoallhisworks,deservesmoreconsideration."IthinkthatafterstatingtheclearpartitionofShakespeare'swritingperiod,IcantrytodefendJohnson'sstatement.
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Itisfrom1590to1600thatElizabeth'srulereacheditsprime.Atthattime,allovertheUKwereprosperousandflourishingwhichhadaninfluenceonShakespeare'stoneofcreation.WecanconcludeShakespeare'swritingcharacteristicsasfollows.Firstly,withtheattitudeofthereality,Shakespeare'splaysfocusonpraisinghumanisticnewideas,andnewethics,whichisparticularlyoutstandinginhisedies.Secondly,hehasshapedaser
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