Abstract
Traditionally,theoriesofinternationalrelationsarebasedonsoverigntyandstates.AsthestridesandleapsmadeinITtechnologieslargelyacceleratetheexpansionofCyberspace,today,cybersecurityhasbecomeanincreasinglyserious,andever-hot,majorinternationalissueovershadowingotherconventionalareasofsecurityinrecentyears.ThenatureanddistinctivefeaturesofCyberspace,whichevolvesandchangesrapidlytoday,ischallengingthefocusesandscopesofinternationalrelations.
Inparticular,therecentexposureoftheso-called“PRISMRevelation”scandalagainignitesaglobalexplosionofsecurityconcerns,suspicions,frictionsandconflictsintheCyberspacethatwereoncealocal,insalientissue.ThefactthatSnowdenaloneiscapableoftriggeringaglobalturbulencerevealstheastonishinglyenormouschallengesposedbycyberimbalancetonationaloreveninternationalsecurity.Theunfoldingdebateonstatesurveillance,InternetcensorshipandthemanyothermanifestationsofstatepowerexercisingsovereigntyoverthenetworkmaketheveryideathatmakingCyberspaceaharborfreeofstates'influencesoundunrealistic,oroutdated.
Also,Cyberspacebringschangestointernationalcommunity.TheinterconnectivitynatureofCyberspacemakesthatonecountry'scybersecurityconcernsnotonlyitsnationalsecurityandpeople'slivelihood,butalsothestabilityandprosperityoftheworldasawhole,whichmeansusingCyberspaceasabattlefieldisinnoone'sinterest.Therefore,Cyberspaceshouldnotbeaplacewhereeverygainforonecountryisalossfortheothers,andvice-versa.Rather,itshouldbeaplaceofcompetitivecollaboration,wherestateschallengeeachother,butfairly,whileseizingtheopportunitiestocollaborateforcollectivegood.
ThispaperisintendedtoexploretheinfluenceofthedevelopmentofCyberspaceoninternationalrelationsinthewakeofthePrismRevelation,soastohaveabetterunderstandingofchangesandnewcharacteristicsoftoday'sinternationalrelations.Unlikethepast,CyberspacehasemergedandbecomeacriticalAbstract.
LisaJaneSmithisanAmericanfemalewriterofyoung-adult-themedliterature.
TheVampireDiariesisoneofherrepresentativeworks.Sinceitspublicationoftrilogyin1991,thenovelshavewonwidereadershipacrosstheglobe.
ThisthesisconductsananalysisofTheVampireDiariesfromanewperspective,consideringittranscendstheformofGothicnovel,andexplorestheinheritanceandbreakthroughofGothicfeaturesinTheVampireDiaries,focusingonitstheme,characters,thenplotsdevelopment.
Onthefictiontheme,TheVampireDiariesinheritstheGothicthemeofhorror,love,andconflictsbetweengoodandevil;butfurtherdevelopstheabovethemesthroughcombinationofmodernelementsandfantasy.Forthevampireimageandcharacterization,TheVampireDiariesstillpossessesthevampireimageandpowerintraditionalGothicnovels,andbringsmoredistinctivevampires'supernaturalpoweranduniquebehaviors.ComparedwithtraditionalGothicvampirestories,theplotofTheVampireDiariesgetsmoreinvolvedandmoretwistedscenario.
Astherepresentativeworkofmodernvampirefictions,TheVampireDiaries'inheritanceandbreakthroughofGothicfictionsinturnbringsitselfhugesuccessandgreatreputation.Andasthesub-genreofGothicfiction,vampirefictionswillbelongstandingandgetprosperousduetoitsuniquefeaturesandculturalbackgroundintoday'sdevelopedsociety.
ABSTRACT
ThomasHardyisregardedasbothamajornovelistandaprominentpoetduringthetransitionalperiodofthe19thcenturytothe20thcentury.Heismostfamousforhis“NovelsofCharactersandEnvironment”,whichgainshimworldwidereputation.TheReturnoftheNativeisarepresentativeoneofthisseries.
TheReturnoftheNativeisregardedasHardy'sfirsttragicnovelinwhichthecharacters'fatesarecloselyrelatedtothenaturalenvironment.Asanature-lover,ThomasHardyfrequentlyexpresseshisdeepconcerntowardsnatureinthisnovelandappealstoconstructaharmoniousrelationshipbetweenmanandnature.HisecologicalthoughtsembodiedinTheReturnoftheNativeareinaccordancewiththeideasofecocriticism.Toputitbriefly,ecocriticismisanewly-emergedliterarycriticismconcerningtherelationshipbetweenmanandnatureinliteraryworks.Theintrinsicvalueofnatureandecologicalholismareitscoreconcepts.Thistheoryarguesfortheintrinsicvalueofnature,regardsbothmanandnatureastheindispensablecomponentsofthewholeecologicalsystem,maintainingthatbothenjoythesamerightsandhavethesamestatus.Namely,manandnatureareintegratedtogetherinoneeco-system.
Thus,onecannotseparatehimselffromthenaturalenvironment.
ThisthesisistoemploythetheoryofecocriticismtointerpretTheReturnoftheNative.BesidestheIntroductionandConclusionparts,themainbodyofthisthesisfallsintofourchapters.Inthefirstchapter,thethesissortsoutpreviousstudiesofthisnovelbothathomeandabroad.Thesecondchaptergivesanoverviewofthetheoryofecocriticismasthetheoreticalbasisofthisthesis.Thethirdchapterfocusesonthedisharmoniousaspectsasrepresentedinthenovelandbringsouttheecologicalthoughtsembodiedwithin.Inthelightofecologicalholism,thelastchaptermainlydealswithtextanalysiswithemphasisonthedetaileddepictionsoftheharmoniousnaturalworld,whereinmanandnaturefuseintoone.
InTheReturnoftheNative,natureisfullofvigor,vitalityandmysteries.Itpossessesintrinsicvalues,independentfromhumanwills.InHardy'swriting,allthenaturalthingsarehuman-likefiguresandhaveimportantsymbolicmeanings.EgdonHeathisdepictedaspossessingakindofmysteriouspower,manipulatingthecharacter'sfate.Besides,therelationshipbetweenmanandnatureasdemonstratedinthenovelhasitsdeephistoricalbackground.Theinvasionofindustrializationnotonlydisharmonizestheman-naturerelationshipbutalsodistortstheman-manrelationship.
Thecharactersinthenovelwhoalienatethemselvesfromnatureendupwithtragedywhilethosewhocankeepaharmoniousrelationshipwithnaturefinallygetahappyending.Inasense,thecharacters'differentlotsinlifecanbeseenasakindofmetaphoricalexpressionoftherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.
Inanageofincreasingoutbreaksofseriousecologicalcrisis,greatimportanceshouldbeattachedtotherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.Thus,byinterpretingTheReturnoftheNativefromtheperspectiveofecocriticism,thisthesisaimstoexploretheecologicalconsciousnessembodiedinthenovelandhopestocallonaholisticviewindealingwithman-and-naturerelationship.
ABSTRACT
AccordingtoLefevere,translationisrewritingofthesourcetext.Allrewritingsmanifestacertainideologyandpoeticswhichmanipulateorinfluenceliteraryworkstofunctioninagivensocietyinagivenway.Translatorsalwayschangetheoriginaltextstosomeextentsoastocomplywiththemainstreamideologyandpoetics.Onlyinthiswaycanthetranslatedversionpasstheofficialinspectionsmoothlyandbeacceptedbymostreaders.
NathanielHawthorne'snovelTheScarletLetterhaslongbeenconsideredasaclassicbothathomeandabroad.Publishedin1850,thenoveltellsthestoryabouttheprotagonistHesterPrynne,whoconceivesadaughterthroughanadulterousaffairandtrieshardtostartanewlifeofregretanddignity.Duetoitsimportantpositioninthehistoryofworldliterature,ithasalreadybeentranslatedintomanydifferentkindsofforeignlanguages.Accordingtothematerialsavailable,thereareupto34differentChineseversions.ThepresentstudyattemptstomakeacomparativestudyoftwoChineseversions（HanShiheng'sversionin1954andYaoNaiqiang'sversionin1996）ofTheScarletLetterfromtheperspectiveofManipulationTheory.
Throughcomparison,thisthesisholdsthatideologyandpoeticsindifferenthistoricaltimesinfluencetranslators'philosophyoftranslationandtheirtranslationstrategies.Forthesameoriginalworktobetranslated,translatorsofdifferenttimestendtohaveobviousdifferencesintheselectionoflexicon,syntaxandeventhetextstructure.Han'sversionmanifestsmoreaboutthemanipulationofpoliticalideologythanYao'sversion.ButinYao'sversion,thetraceofsocialistideologyisnotthatobvioussincethisversioncameoutunderthespringbreezeofreformandopening-uppolicyblowingacrossthecountry.Owingtothedifferentperiodsoftimegovernedbytheirideologyandpoetics,HanandYaotendtotranslateTheScarletLetterdifferentlyintextmaking.Intermsoftheaveragesentencelength,Han'sversionislongerthanYao's,indicatingthatHanadoptstotaketheliteraltranslationstrategywhileYaoisinclinedtousefreetranslationstrategy.Atthestructurallevel,HandeletestheprefacewhileYaoretainsit,whichcanbeinferredthatthepoeticsfactors,includingthechangedstatusofAmericanliteratureandscholars'viewsonthesignificanceoftheprefaceplayanimportantroleintranslation.
BesidestheIntroductionandConclusionparts,thepresentthesisiscomposedofthreechapters.ThefirstchapteristheliteraturereviewconcernedwithTheScarletLetteranditstranslation.ChapterTwointroducesthetheoreticalfoundationofthestudy–theManipulationTheory.ChapterThreeisthemainpartofthethesis,analyzingthetwoChineseversionsofTheScarletLetterfromtheperspectiveofManipulationTheory,andexplainingthedifferenttranslationstrategiesadoptedbythetranslators.
ABSTRACT
Withthedevelopmentofthetimes,tourismindustryisflourishing.Thereisavarietyofguidebooks,whosetranslation,toacertaindegree,influencesthegrowthoflocaltourism.ThistranslationreportisbasedontheChinese-EnglishtranslationofHangzhouTravelGuild（2013）。Thetranslatorhastranslatedapartofthebookandthenfinishedthereportinthehopeofofferingpracticalguidanceforsomedepartmentsrelevantwithtourismandpromotingthedevelopmentoftourism.
Duringthetranslationpractice,becauseofthebigdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishcultureandlanguage,thetranslatorcameacrossthefollowingdifficulties:（1）thetranslationofculture-loadedwords;（2）thetranslationoflongsentences.UndertheguidanceofSkoposTheory,thetranslatorconsideredthatthetranslationoftravelguideshouldfocusonthetargettextreadersandthetranslatedversionshouldbeinaccordancewiththewritingfeaturesofthetargettextandcatertothetargetreaders.Combinedwithdetailedexamples,thetranslatorputforwardthefollowingstrategies:（1）addition,omissionandcompression;（2）integratingandsplittingsentences.Thisreportproposedthecorrespondingspecificstrategies,whichcanoffersomereferentialvaluetothetranslatorstotranslatethetourismtexts.
Abstract
SinceDeweydevelopedtheconceptof“criticalthinking”,manyscholarsabroadhavecarriedoutaseriesofstudiesaboutimprovingstudents'criticalthinkingskillsineducationfield.Inthe1980s,criticalthinkingbecamethetargetofhighereducationprogramsinsuchforeigncountriesastheUSandCanada.IthasgaineditswidespreadattentioninChinaonlyinrecentyears.Butthereareonlyfewstudiesaboutitineducationfield.OurtraditionalEnglishteachingmethodpaysmuchattentiontothetrainingofstudents'linguisticknowledgeandlanguageskillsbutignoresthecultivationofstudents'criticalthinkingabilities.Intheprocessofskillpractice,teachersoftenstresstheimportanceofmemorizingvocabularyandimitatingskillsrigidly,butneglectthestudents'abilitiesinanalyzingproblemsandputtingforwardinnovativesolutions.Therefore,Englishwritingteachingisaffectedbythisandmerelyattachesemphasistotrainstudents'readingandwritingskills.Therearefewstudieswhichaimatsystematicallycultivatingstudents'analysis,synthesis,summary,comparisonandreasoningskillswhiletheyarewriting.Therefore,thisstudyaimsatdesigningsomewritingstasksandteachingstrategieswhichcanbeusedtofostercollegestudents'criticalthinkingawarenessandpromotestudents'all-rounddevelopment.
Accordingtosixcriticalthinkingskills,thisstudywascarriedoutbyrequiringstudentstohandinanargumentation.Allparticipantsinthisstudyarenon-Englishmajorcollegefreshmenfroma211keyuniversity.TherevisedversionofRubricforQualitativeCriticalThinkingSkillsInstrumentwasusedinthisstudy.Withquantitativeandqualitativeanalysis,writingexperimentisconductedwithinawholesemestertocollectdataconcerningstudents'learningbehavior.Reading-to-writeisusedinexperimentalclasswhiletraditionalmethodisadoptedincontrolclass.ThewritingscoresbytheexperimentalandcontrolclasswerestatisticallyprocessedbysoftwareSPSS19.0.Andalsotheinterviewwaslaunchedinsomeofstudentsinexperimentalclasstoassessstudents'criticalthinkingabilitiesreflectedintheirwritings-ThefinalanalysisindicatedthatEGAPwritingmodelexertedasignificantlypositiveinfluenceinimprovingstudents'criticalthinkingskills,especiallyinarousingstudents'writingenthusiasmandcriticalthinkingawareness.Comparedwithcontrolclass,studentsinexperimentalclassmadebigprogressinwritingcompetence.Inaddition,thisstudyputforwardsomereformproposalstotheteachingofEnglishwriting.Thestudyisofgreatvaluetoinstructstudentstoemploycriticalthinkingskillsintheirwriting.
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