Abstract
Traditionally,theoriesofinternationalrelationsarebasedonsoverigntyandstates.AsthestridesandleapsmadeinITtechnologieslargelyacceleratetheexpansionofCyberspace,today,cybersecurityhasbecomeanincreasinglyserious,andever-hot,majorinternationalissueovershadowingotherconventionalareasofsecurityinrecentyears.ThenatureanddistinctivefeaturesofCyberspace,whichevolvesandchangesrapidlytoday,ischallengingthefocusesandscopesofinternationalrelations.
Inparticular,therecentexposureoftheso-called“PRISMRevelation”scandalagainignitesaglobalexplosionofsecurityconcerns,suspicions,frictionsandconflictsintheCyberspacethatwereoncealocal,insalientissue.ThefactthatSnowdenaloneiscapableoftriggeringaglobalturbulencerevealstheastonishinglyenormouschallengesposedbycyberimbalancetonationaloreveninternationalsecurity.Theunfoldingdebateonstatesurveillance,InternetcensorshipandthemanyothermanifestationsofstatepowerexercisingsovereigntyoverthenetworkmaketheveryideathatmakingCyberspaceaharborfreeofstates'influencesoundunrealistic,oroutdated.
Also,Cyberspacebringschangestointernationalcommunity.TheinterconnectivitynatureofCyberspacemakesthatonecountry'scybersecurityconcernsnotonlyitsnationalsecurityandpeople'slivelihood,butalsothestabilityandprosperityoftheworldasawhole,whichmeansusingCyberspaceasabattlefieldisinnoone'sinterest.Therefore,Cyberspaceshouldnotbeaplacewhereeverygainforonecountryisalossfortheothers,andvice-versa.Rather,itshouldbeaplaceofcompetitivecollaboration,wherestateschallengeeachother,butfairly,whileseizingtheopportunitiestocollaborateforcollectivegood.
ThispaperisintendedtoexploretheinfluenceofthedevelopmentofCyberspaceoninternationalrelationsinthewakeofthePrismRevelation,soastohaveabetterunderstandingofchangesandnewcharacteristicsoftoday'sinternationalrelations.Unlikethepast,Cyberspacehasemergedandbecomeacriticalconsiderationwhenaddressinginternationalpolitics,itisreshufflingtheworld'slandscapeandreshapingthepolitical,economic,militaryandsocialpatterns.
ABSTRACT
ThistranslationreportactsasasummaryformyC-EtranslationprojectofTrademarkLawofP.R.China,anditsemphasesisonhowtotranslateintoEnglishtheChinese“De”structureswithconditionalimplications.Thisprojectisasimulationpracticeforthepurposeofstrengtheningmytranslationability.
TheTrademarkLawofP.R.Chinacontainslotsof“De”structureswithconditionalimplicationswhichshouldbetranslatedintoconditionalclausesduetolinguisticdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish.Thegreatchangeposegreatdifficultytotranslation.Thefirstdifficultyliesinthediversifiedandcomplexstructureswithintricatelogicalrelations.Thesecondstemsfrom“De,,structures'vacancyofconjunctionswhichshouldnotmissintheircorrespondingEnglishtranslationsandthechoiceoftheconjunctionisaffectedbythecomplexityofstructure.
ThisprojectadoptsVermeer'sSkoposTheorytothetranslationof6De'structureswithconditionalimplications.ThetargetreadersofthetranslationareEnglish-speakingpeopleeagertogetacquaintedwiththetrademarklawofChina,andthepurposeoftranslationistoprovidethemwithacompleteandreadableEnglishversion.Theauthoradoptsthemethodofsyntacticlinearityforthephrasalverb+'De,structures,themethodsofrestructuringanddisconnectingforsimpleclausesandcomplexclauses+6De'structures.TheconjunctioniforwhereischosenaccordingtotherulesoflegalEnglish.
Thetranslatoradoptsdifferenttranslationmethodsinthisreporthopingthatthedifficultiesoftranslating”De“structureswithconditionalimplicationscouldbesolvedandatthesametime,couldprovidesomeenlightenmentforothertranslatorsconfrontedwithsimilardifficulties.
ABSTRACT
ThisreportselectedPrimeLiKeqiang'sspeechatpressconferenceofNPC&CPPCCasmaterialsanddidmimicconsecutiveinterpreting.Focusingonspecificproblemsanddifficultiesininterpretingpractice,thisreportanalyzedsomeexamplesandconcludedcorrespondingmethods.
Afteranalyzingthetranscribedmaterialsandfeedbackofaudiences,theauthorsummarizedthefollowingproblemanddifficulty:1）difficultyinaccuratelyinterpretingsomeimportantlogicrelationsinoriginaltext;2）difficultyininterpretinglogicrelationsinChineserun-onsentence.
ThisreportusesthetheoryofCohesionandCoherence.Accordingtothetheoiy,boththeoriginaltextandtargettextinconsecutiveinterpretingarediscourses.SotheinterpreterissupposedtofullyunderstandthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseandconvey狂coherentdiscoursetoaudiences.Undertheguidanceofthistheory,thisreportanalyzessomeexamplesandgainscorrespondingstrategiesmethods:1）addingconjunctions,convertingverbformandusingEnglishclausetosolvetheprobleminaccuratelyinterpretingoriginallogicrelations;2）dividingsentences,integratingandsimplifyinginformationtosolvetheproblemininterpretingChineserun-onsentence.
FromtheperspectiveofCohesionandCoherence,thisreportprovidesideasandspecificmethodsinhandlingthelogicalrelationsinC-Econsecutiveinterpreting,deepeningtheauthor'sunderstandingtothesamesortsofproblemsandofferinglessonsandreferencesfortheinterpretingpracticeinthefuture.
ABSTRACT
TheoriginalmaterialisChinesespeechesmadebyChinesePresidentXiJinpingandPremierLiKeqiangrespectivelyontheopeningceremonyofthe9thand10thChina-ASEANBusinessandInvestmentSummitonSeptember3气2012andSeptember3rd,2013.Theauthorhasfinishedsimulatedsimultaneousinterpreting（SIinshort）andtranscribeditintotext.WhenanalyzingC-Esimulatedsimultaneoustext,theauthorfoundtwodifficultiestobesolved:I.culturalidiomC-Esimultaneousinterpreting;II.irregularparallelexpressionC-Esimultaneousinterpreting.
Undertheguidanceofinterpretivetheory,byexampleanalyzing,theauthorputforwardtwocountermeasuresforculturalidiomC-ESI:oneisinterpretativereplacing,theotherisexplainingconnotation.TherearealsotwocountermeasuresforirregularparallelexpressionC-ESI:oneisinterpretativereducing,theotherisparallellylistingthewordsofthesamecharacteristic.
TheaboveSIcountermeasuresprovidedtheauthorwithsolutionstoculturalidiomandparallelexpressioninterpreting.Theycanhelpinterpretersnotonlyachievethegoalofcommunicationbutalsosavetime.TheabovecountermeasuresalsoprovidedotherinterpreterswithcertainreferenceinC-EsimultaneousinterpretingofsimilartopicspeechesmadebyXiJinpingandLiKeqiang.
ABSTRACT
ThematerialoftheinterpretationprojectisApple's2013iPhonemediaeventheldinCupertinoonSeptember11,2013.Firstofall,theinterpreterhadasimulatedE-Csimultaneousinterpretationofthevideo（nosubtitles）oftheevent.Theaudienceswerefivenon-EnglishmajorApplelovers.Then,basedonSkoposTheory,theinterpreteranalyzeddifficultiesoftheinterpretingprocessandwrotethisreport.
”Apple5c5sEvent“belongstotechnologyproductevent.Ithasthefeaturesofprofessionalterminologyandmassinformation.Thedifficultiesofthepracticecanbedescribedastwoaspects,theyare:（1）interpretationofelectronicsterminology;（2）identificationandprocessingofredundancy.
AccordingtoSkoposTheory,translationisapurposefulcommunicativeaction,andtheskoposdeterminesthewholetranslationprocedure.Theskoposofthisprojectistoofferup-to-dateproductinformationtoaudienceswhodon'tunderstandEnglishandtheinterpretationshouldbefaithfulandconcise.
Giventheabovedifficulties,thefollowinginterpretationstrategiescanbeadopted:（1）predictionaccordingtothecontextandspeculationaccordingtocommonsense;（2）reductionofunimportantinformationandcombinationofrepeatedinformation.
ABSTRACT
Withthedevelopmentofthetimes,tourismindustryisflourishing.Thereisavarietyofguidebooks,whosetranslation,toacertaindegree,influencesthegrowthoflocaltourism.ThistranslationreportisbasedontheChinese-EnglishtranslationofHangzhouTravelGuild（2013）。Thetranslatorhastranslatedapartofthebookandthenfinishedthereportinthehopeofofferingpracticalguidanceforsomedepartmentsrelevantwithtourismandpromotingthedevelopmentoftourism.
Duringthetranslationpractice,becauseofthebigdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishcultureandlanguage,thetranslatorcameacrossthefollowingdifficulties:
（1）thetranslationofculture-loadedwords;（2）thetranslationoflongsentences.UndertheguidanceofSkoposTheory,thetranslatorconsideredthatthetranslationoftravelguideshouldfocusonthetargettextreadersandthetranslatedversionshouldbeinaccordancewiththewritingfeaturesofthetargettextandcatertothetargetreaders.
Combinedwithdetailedexamples,thetranslatorputforwardthefollowingstrategies:（1）addition,omissionandcompression;（2）integratingandsplittingsentences.Thisreportproposedthecorrespondingspecificstrategies,whichcanoffersomereferentialvaluetothetranslatorstotranslatethetourismtexts.
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