论文英文摘要怎么写

英文摘要范例如下：

ABSTRACT：

Inthesocialistmarketeconomysystem,Chinahasbeeninthelackofstandardizedinstitutionalarrangementsaboutwhichserviceandgoodsshouldberesponsiblebythegovernmentorwhichshouldberesponsiblebythemarketorsocialforces.Infact,theabsenceandtheoffsideofgovernmentfunctionshaveplaguedeconomicsystemreformandfmancialsystemreforminChina.Inthepasttime,themarkethasprovidedsomebasicpublicserviceandgoodswhichshouldberesponsiblebythegovernment,ontheotherhand,thegovernment,especiallylocalgovernment,haspaidexcessiveattentionandmoneytotheeconomicconstruction,anddidnothelpthemarketplayasufficientroleinallocatingsocialresources.Thefmacialandtaxreformhasbroughtarevolutionaryimpactontheestablishmentofinter-governmentalfiscalrelationssince1994,butthereformmainlyfocusedontherevenue-sharingsystem,andthentheproblemsaboutdutydivisionandexpendingresponsibilityhavebeennotfullytakenintoaccount,whichinfluencedfmancialsystemreform.

Ininter-governmentalfiscalrelations,Westerngovernments'revenueareinaccordancewiththeirexpendingresponsibility,thesocialistmarketeconomysysteminChinashoulddelimitthegovernment'dutyandexpendingresponsibilityfirstly,andthen,dividefinancialpowerandregulatefinancialresources.Thecentralgovernmentandlocalgovernment'sresponsibilitiesshouldbeperformancedreasonablyandeffectively,atthesametime,thegovernmentshouldhelpthemarketplayagoodroleinprovidingserviceandgoodsinavarietyofways,suchasinthewayoflawsandregulations,orofbuyingmarket'sserviceandgoodsandsoon.Amongallthese,thelaw-basedgovernanceanddemocratizationarethebasicpremise.

Thepapertakeeducationasexampleindiscussingdutyandexpenditureresponsibilityofthecentralgovernmentandthelocalgovernmentandthemarket,forraisinggovernment'sefficiencyinprovidingpublicgoods.Morenarrowly,Basiceducation,preschooleducation,highereducation,vocationaleducationandsoonareallpublicgoods,buttheycanbringdifferenteffectivenesstothesociety,sotheirdegreeofpublicnessaredifferent,andthentheirmainbodyofsuppliesareaccordinglydifferent.Whenauthorityandexpendingresponsibilityofgovernmentsatalllevelsareexplicit,thesepublicgoodscanbeprovidedeffectivelyandreasonablyandadequately,andthemarket'rolecanbeplayedreasonablyandadequately.

Howisthegovernment'dutydivisionandexpendingresponsibility?Howtosupervisetheexpendingresponsibilityofgovernmentsatalllevels?Thepaperalsoraisetheproblemaboutevaluatingtheprovidingofpublicgoods.Inevaluation,thepaperbringtheadequacy,equivalence,effectivenessasthebasicstandardsinpublicgoods'providing.Performingevaluationcanbetakenasthebasisforthepowerdivisionamonggovernments,aswellastliebasisforthereformofpublicgoodsproviding.Changingtherealitythatthepublicgoodsaredependonthegovernmentintodiversifiedsupply.Thatistosay,somepublicgoodscanbepaidbythegovernmentatahigherlevel,andthenentrustthelower-levelgovernmentwithoperating.Insomeothersituations^thepublicgoodscanbepaidbythegovernment,andthenbringmarketcompetitionintopublicgoods'supplyinordertoimprovetheefficiencyofsupply.

Abstract：

Inmodernsociety,thewordofchildren（childhood）hasexceededitsownconnotation.Ithasbecomeanimportantcarrierwhichundertakesmultiplevaluesinthefamily,societyandeventhenation.Besides,itisofgreaterimportancetoknowandunderstandchildren.Withsocialreformsandchangesoftimes,children'sself-awarenessandabilityoftakingactionsindependentlyaremoreandmoreobviouswithremarkablediversityandspecialty.Italsobringssomechallengesonourknowledgeandunderstandingofchildren.Therefore,itisofparticularsignificancetochooseanappropriateperspectiveandadoptareasonablemethodinordertoknowaridunderstandchildren.

TheresearcherutilizestheLife-WorldofPhenomenologyasthefoundationofepistemologyandmethodology.Adoptingchildren'sperspectiveandchildrenperspective,theresearcherinvestigateschildren'slifeinthekindergartenandusesnarrativemethodtoorganizeanddisplaymaterials.Theaimofthisstudyistodescribechildren'slifestateinthekindergarten,interpretstheirlivingexperiences,andfurthertracebacktochildren'scircumstancesandatlastfindoutthedeepreasons.

Thestudybelongstoqualitativeresearch.Itmainlyemploysliteratureresearchmethod,observationmethod,interviewmethodandtextanalysismethod.Firstofall,theresearcherreviewsalotofliteratures,andonthisbasistofindoutthetheoreticalfoundationandthepathtothechildren'slifeworldandnarrativeframework,whichactastheguidanceofresearchmethod.Second,theresearcheradoptsobservation,interviewandtextcollectionmethodonthesite,soastocollecttheusefulmaterialsandda1,usuchaschildren'slivingscenes,interactionswithchildrenandchildren'sworks.

Third,theauthorsummarizesandanalyzesthedatathroughtheinteraction“mode,toensurethevalidityofthestudythebyensuringauthenticityofthefirst-handdata,andapplyingmultiplecollectionmethods,testifyingmultiplesubjectsmutually,andintegratingdiverseangles.Fourth,accordingtothecontentsofchildren'slivingworld,theauthoradoptsthenarrativemethodtodescribeA,C,WandJchildren'slifestate,tointerprettheirlivingexperiences,andtotracebacktothecircumstances,onthepurposeoffindingoutthedeepreasons.

Theresultsareasfollows:firstly,A'slifeandemotionalstateshowsgreatcontrastinandoutsideofthekindergarten.Inthekindergarten,Aseversherconnectionwiththecollective,lacksofbasicself-careability,exhibitsmorecompliantandsocialwithdrawalbehaviors,butoutsideofit,Abehavesmorefreelyandlightly.Thestarkcontrastoftwolivingstatesindicatesthatthechildfeeluneasy,anxiousandwearyinthekindergartenandcravesforapprovalandloveoutsideofit.Themainreasonaccountingforthisistheexcessivecareandtheabsenceofparentaleducationathome.

Secondly,C'sseeminglyenjoysapositionofauthorityandexhibitsmoreconfidenceinkindergarten?butbehindsceneryheexperiencesmuchtiredness,boredomandanxiety.Ithascloserelationwithgrandmother'seducationalpracticesandabsenceofparentaleducation.Thirdly,Wchildseemstotakepleasureinbumpingagainstpeersorobjects,tendstodominateothers,alwaystriestoarguewithsomeoneandstronglydefendforherselfaftermakingmistakes,infactheonlywanttogetmoreattentionandapprovalbythismeans.Itismainlycausedbyspecialgrowingenvironmentandlackofcareandloveinthelongterm.Finally,althoughJdoesnotwinthefavorinthekindergarten,sheiscalmlyassertive.Sheexperiencesmorejoyandeasiness,atthesametime,mixedwithalittlebitofgrievance.Itownstoherbrother'scompanyandmother'sgoodeducation.

Atthesametime,organizinginvalideducationalactivities,conductinginequitablecompetitionsandneglectingchildren'snatureandspecialneedalsohaveagreatinfluenceonchildren'snegativeexperience.Besidesfamilyandkindergarten,China'ssocialrealitythatmanychildrenarebroughtupbygrandparents,thatthesurvivalconditionsofpreschoolteachersisinserioussituationandthatchildhoodisinentertainmentcrisis,moreorlesshavedirectorindirecteffectonchildren'slivingexperience.

Inordertocreateapositiveeducationalenvironment,firstofall,weshouldformareasonableandscientificviewonchildrenandeducation,understandchildren'srealneedindevelopmentandtrytomeettheneed.Ontheonehand,wecanmakemoreandmoreparentstoraiseawarenessofparentalroleandbecomecompetentparentsbyconductinglarge-scaleparentaleducation.Ontheotherhand,weshouldpaymoreattentiontokindergartenteachers'professionaldevelopmentandadoptmanywaystopromoteit,suchasimprovingprofessionalhappiness,creatingteachers'practicalknowledgeandcarryingoutactionresearchandsoon.

Sofarasthesociety,weneedtobuildupasystemtosupportpreschooleducation.First,everyoneshouldfoster”childrenconsciousness“,tocreateamacrosystemtothechildren'sdevelopment;second,avarietyoforganizationsshouldpulltogethertobuildupanexternalsystemtopromotethehealthygrowthofchildren;third,thefamily,kindergartenandcommunity（neighborhood）shouldcooperatesincerelyandmakecommoneffortstocreateaworldfullofloveforchildrenasanintermediatesystem;fourth,bothaschildren'ssignificantothers,thefamilyandkindergartenshouldpracticemoremeaningfulcooperationasamicrosystem;finally,weshouldintegratethemacrosystem,externalsystem,intermediatesystemandmicrosystem,topromotethedynamicdevelopmentofallsystems.