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【摘 要】根据环境保护部文件《中国生物多样性保护战略和行动指南（2010-2030）》,遗传资源的持续丢失已经成为威胁中国生物多样性的三大问题之一,因此遗传多样性监测计划的重要性需要在将来的环境监测工作中得到体现.在两条环境保护部标准《区域生物多样性评价标准（HJ623-2011）》和《生物遗传资源采集技术规范（HJ628-2011）》开始贯彻实施后,遗传资源的鉴别和收集工作成为生物多样性评价项目中不可缺少的内容.本文综述了细胞学标记技术和DNA分子标记技术在植物品种鉴别研究中的前沿性应用,并在此基础上讨论了DNA标记技术在生物多样性监测与评价工作中大规模应用的可行性.
【关 键 词】生物多样性；细胞学标记；DNA分子标记
【Abstract】AccordingtotheChineseBiodiversityConservationStrategyandActionPlanning（2010-2030）,thecontinuouslossofgeicresourcesbeesoneofthreethornyissuesthreateningbiodiversityconservationinChina,whichhighlightsthesignificanceofgeicdiversitymonitoringplaninthefuture.AfterbothStandardfortheAssessmentofRegionalBiodiversity（HJ623-2011）andRegulationfortheCollectionofGeicResources（HJ628-2011）eintoforce,identificationandcollectionofgeicresourcesbeesessentialinbiodiversityassessmentprojects.ThisreviewsummarizesthefrontapplicationofbothcytologicalmarkerandDNAmolecularmarkertechniquestodistinguishplantvarieties,andconsequentlythefeasibilityoflarge-scaleapplicationofDNAmarkertechniqueonfuturebiodiversitymonitoringandassessmentprojectsisdiscussed.
【Keywords】Biodiversity；Cytologicalmarker；DNAmolecularmarker
0Introduction
Asoneofthreelayersofbiodiversity,whichincludesecosystem,speciesandgeics,geicdiversityisthediversityofgeicfactorsthatdeterminethetraitsofanismsandtheirbinations,sothatbeesthebasisofspeciesandecosystemdiversity[1].Itisinevitableforaspeciesofpoorgeicdiversitytomovetowardstheextinctioninnaturalselectionprocess[2].
AfteraseriesofenvironmentalpolicyhasbeenworkedoutbycentregovernmentofChina,suchasChineseBiodiversityConservationStrategyandActionPlanning（2010-2030）,StandardfortheAssessmentofRegionalBiodiversity（HJ623-2011）andRegulationfortheCollectionofGeicResources（HJ628-2011）,itisessentialforenvironmentalengineerstoincludegeicdiversityinbiodiversitymonitoringandassessmentprojects,andcollectionandidentificationofgeicresourcesinthenaturedefinitelybeesthefirststepofthiswork.Inpresent,identificationofplantvarietiesmainlyreliesonthebiologicaltraitsofplants[3],whicharesusceptibletoenvironmentalconditionsandtime-consumingwhenthosebiologicaltraitsareartificiallycultivatedandobservedinexperimentland[4].However,thedevelopmentofDNAmarkertechnologyprovidesaquickerandmoreaccuratesolutionforenvironmentalengineerstodistinguishdifferentsub-populationsofaplantspeciesinthenature,particularlywhenidentificationofeconomictraitsisnotessentialinbiodiversityassessmentwork.ThisreviewsummarizesbothcytologicalmarkerandDNAmolecularmarkerforthedifferentiationofplantcultivarsinrecentyears.1CytologicalMarker
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Duetoitshighstabilityandreproducibility,karyotypebeesoneoftheuniquechromosomeinformationtodistinguishdifferentspecies,populationsofthesamespeciesandtoidentifythehybrids.Karyotypeparameters,mainlyincludingtheabsolutelengthandrelativelengthofchromosome,armratio,centromereindex,chromosomeploidyandasymmetryindex,arefrequentlyanalyzedbybotaniststostudythevariationinchromosomenumberandstructurebetweenspecies,theoriginofspeciesandthegeicevolution[4].
1.1Traditionalsquashtechnique
Zhangetc[5]analyzedkaryotypeofthreeFritillarithunbergiicultivarsbasedontraditionalsquashtechnique.ThekaryotypeformulaofF.thunbergii（Xiaye,Kuanye,Duozi）variedamongthreevarieties,indicatingthefeasibilityofgeicidentificationofFritillarithunbergiicultivars.Thekaryotypeofallthevarietieswereclassifiedinto3Btype,andheterozygosityofhomologouschromosomewerefoundinbothF.thunbergii（Xiaye）andF.thunbergii（Duozi）.
ThekaryotypeofthreediploidoatspecieswasstudiedbyLiuetc[6]withapplicationoftraditionalsquashtechnique.BothkaryotypeformulaandasymmetryindexofAvenastrigosa,Avenahispanica,Avenabreviswerecalculatedforparison,revealingmoreadvancedevolutioninkaryotypeforA.strigosa,followedbyA.abrevisandA.hispanica.Threediploidoatspecieswereeffectivelydistinguishedbyabinationofbothkaryotypeformulaandasymmetryindex.
Thetraditionalslice-makingmethodwithmicrographtechnologywasadoptedbyDaietc[7]tostudythecytologybasisforcultivaridentificationofSecalecerealesubsp.segetale.ThreepopulationsofSecalecerealesubsp.segetale（89R4,89R14,89R60）andonevarietySecalecerealeL.（H36）wereselectedtoconductkaryotypeanalysis.Karyorypeformulae,asymmetryindexandasymmetricalkaryotypecoefficientwereprovidedandparedamongthesevarietiesinthisresearch,whichshowedrichdiversityinchromosomemorphology.
TraditionalsquashingmethodwasadoptedbyLiuetc[8]toanalyzethekaryotypeof7R.hybridacultivarsand5R.rugosacultivars.Accordingtotheresults,alltheR.hybridacultivarsweretetraloid（2n等于4x等于28）,exceptthatR.hybrida‘Elmshorn’wastriploid（2n等于3x等于21）,whileallthe5R.
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