Abstract
Sincethelatterhalfofthe20thcentury,thequalityofhighereducationisfacingacrisisofconfidence,moreandmorepeoplestartedtopayattentiontoandtrytoparticipateintheuniversityaffairs,thus,thewesternhighereducationorganizationsputforwardtheconceptofcommongovernance.Atthesametime,intheviewofourcountryattachmoreimportancetotheconstructionofmodernuniversitysystemandtheimprovementofgovernancestructuretouniversity.ThispaperdiscussthegovernancestructureofLehighUniversitybyusingtheliteraturestudies,casestudies,interviewsandotherresearchmethodsfromtheaspectofstakeholder.Thepaperaimstoenhancepeople'sawarenessaboutthewesternuniversitystakeholdersparticipateintheuniversitycommongovernance,toprovidereferenceforthereformofourcountry'suniversitygovernancestructure,andtopromotetheconstructionofmodernuniversitysystem.
Firstly,thepaperclarifiestheimportanceandpossibilitytocarryouttheresearchaboutuniversitygovernance.ItanalyzesthepresentsituationofuniversitygovernanceandstakeholderofChinaandotherforeigncountries.Accordingtothereference,previousscholarshadmadetremendouscontributionsonthestudyofuniversitygovernance,buttheydidn'tmakeathoroughinvestigationaboutthegovernancestructureofforeignuniversities.
Secondly,itanalyzestheorganizationalstructureandthegovernancesituationofLehighUniversity,discussingtherelationshipbetweenLehighUniversitygovernanceandstakeholders.Insidetheuniversity,theresearchtakestheboardoftrustees,president,administrator,teacherandstudentastheobjectsofanalysis.Outsidetheuniversity,ittakesthegovernment,enterprise,alumni,andcommunityastheobjectsofanalysis.Dependingontheresearch,wefoundthatthecharacteristicsofLehighUniversityiscommongovernance.
Thirdly,itanalyzestheformativefactorofLehighUniversitygovernancestructure,theconflictsandcoordinationofstakeholders.Itexistsmanyfactorshavingaimportantinfluenceonuniversitygovernancestructure,includingthehistoryandtraditionofwesternhighereducation,diversifiedsourcesoffunding,anduniversitybylaws.Futhermore,severalfactorscreatetheconflictsbetweenstakeholders.Therefore,thepaperanalyzestheeffectivemeasuresofLehighUniversityinthisaspect.
Atlast,basedonthesituationandproblemsofouruniversities,thepapercomparesthesimilaritiesanddifferencesofgovernancestructurebetweenouruniversitiesandLehighUniversity.Itproposesseveralmeasuresforimprovingtheuniversitygovernancestructure.
Weneedtoupdatetheideaofgovernance,andformulateuniversitybylaws.Ouruniversitiesshoulddeveloptheexternalrelations,andweneedtoestablishanewconceptofhighereducationquality.
Keywords:Stakeholder;UniversityGovernanceStructure;LehighUniversity
Abstract
AbriefhistoryofthedevelopmentofChina'spostgraduateeducationhas,butitsgrowthisquitefast.Ithasmadegreatachievements.InChina,oneofthemainpurposesofpostgraduateeducationistotrainagroupoftop-notchtalent,theyhaveahighlevelofability,innovationability.Therebyenhancingnationalcompetitiveness,socialandeconomicdevelopment,achievesscientifictasks.
Fromahistoricalperspective,since1902,theQinggovernmentpromulgatedthe'RenyinSchooling';theconceptofpostgraduateeducationinourcountryhasbasicallyformed.Inspiteofthis,bythespecialperiodofthepolitical,economic,social,culturalandotherfactors,postgraduateeducationdevelopmentisnotsmooth.SincethefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofChinain1949,theemergenceofthe“culturalrevolution”ledtothesuspensionofpostgraduateeducationforalmost12years.In1978,postgraduateeducationwasrestored.
Thegovernmentestablishedaseriesofpoliciesabouthighereducation,inspiredthedevelopmentofgraduateeducation.Whetherenrollscaleorenrollprofessionalnumber,madegreatbreakthroughsthaneverbefore.Mastergraduatestudentenrollscaleexpandsunceasingly,thenumberisgrowingrapidly.Astheworld'ssecondlargestgraduateeducationcountry,America'sfirst.Coupledwiththegrowingpublicdemandforreceivinghighereducation,aswellasthefinancialcrisisimpactonthejobmarketformanytimes,makethegraduatestudent'sscaleisgrowinginrecentyears.In2013,thenumberofgraduateenrollmenthasreached176million,takingthenumberwas53.9million.However,bigbutnotstrong.Thenumberofgraduateenrollmentsurge,whilethequalityoftheireducationthereisdownwardtrend.Howtoensurethequalityofgraduateeducationintheever-expandingnumberofmomentum,itwillbeproblemsinthefutureforalongperiodoftimetobestudiedinacademia.
GraduatestudentenrollmentsysteminChina,includingfourparts:theadmissionplanmanagementsystem,admissionexaminationandregistrationsystem,examsystem,enrollmentsystem.Inourcountry,theformationofpostgraduateenrollmentsystemhasexperiencedaverytortuousandverylongprocess.In1951,enrollmentplanmanagementsystembegantoform.Thegovernmenttounifiedenrollmentplan.In1978,forthefirsttimetodeterminetheexaminationsysteminourcountryconsistsoffirstandsecondinterviewtogether.Inchange,theperfectingofpostgraduateenrollmentsystem.However,withTheTimeschangeandtheemergenceofnewsituations,changecontinues.Undertheinfluenceofvariousfactorssuchaspolitics,economy,allkindsofdefectsinthechangeofmastergraduatestudentenrollmentsystemconstantlyemerges.Thisrequiresweshouldbeinadynamicdevelopingconstantlyexploringofpostgraduateenrollmentsystemforchange,inordertomakesureitisadevelopment,scientificsystem.
ThisstudybasedontheevolutionofgraduatestudentdevelopmentpolicyinChina.
Accordingtothechangeofmajorturningpointevent,andofpostgraduateenrollmentsystemreformofourcountryisdividedintofourperiods,andstudyrespectively.Toexplorethechangecharacteristicsofeachstage,changedirection,andtheoveralldevelopmenttrend.
Summeduptheexperienceandproblemsinchange.Atthesametimeofotherrelevantcountriesoninternationalexperienceingraduatestudentenrollmentsystemreformwereanalyzed.Calculatedthegraduatestudentenrollmentsysteminourcountry'spracticalchangeSuggestions:（1）changethewayofenrollmentplan,theincreaseincollegesanduniversitiesandteacherautonomy,（2）thefirsttryforthequalificationexamination,exploreatwo-partexaminationmethod,lightentheimpactonundergraduateteaching,（3）inordertoensuretheresearchquality,torecognizetheexamineeenteroneselfforanexaminationwhenincreasingtheincentivetotheexaminee,（4）sticktorecommendanexemptionsystemanddevelopment,tofurtherexplorethesecond-roundexamsystemandabnormalityadmitssystem.
Keywords:Postgraduatestudent;Recruitexaminationsystem;Reform
Abstract
Examinationiscontrolmachinehiddeninthecountry,it'snotonlywillhelpthecountryselectthetalentedperson,butalsoguidethevalueorientations.Essay,asacomprehensivereflectionofamothertongueliteracy,whichhelpstodesignthecriteriathatcandidatesneedandthemanyindicatorsoflanguageskills.Itisaindispensablepartofexamprojectinvariouscountriesandregions.TheAmericanSATisakindofexamstoteststudents1learningabilities,itequaltotheChineseCollegeEntranceExamination.Inrecentyears,theworldwideimpactoftheSATcausedextensivediscussion,thus,theresearchonSATessayexamaboutthevalueorientationsandthecontrolhasagreatmeaningonourcountry.
ByintegratingWuYongjun'sanalysismodelaboutthevalueorientation,thispapermakestheSATessayastheresearchobjecttoanalyzeitfromtwodimensionsoftheexternalvaluesandintrinsicvalues.TheExtrinsicvalueorientation,includetheessay'sform,contentandscoringstandard,whiletheintrinsicvaluesincludethetheme,expressionandalsothescoringstandard.ThefirstpartintroducestheAmericanSATexamprofiles,inordertohavesomeunderstandingoftheresearchobject.Thesecondpartofanalyzetheexternaldimensionofthevalueorientation,wegetthefeatureofit.Theyarespeculativity,theguidingtothecandidatestobroadentheirhorizonsanda“man”to“people”valuereturntocharacteristics.
Thethirdpartistheresearchoftheintrinsicvalues,whichfeatureisthattheessayiscloselylinkedtothemainstreamvaluesandtheeffectiverealizationofthenationalguidancecontrol.
Finally,thispapersummarizethecharacteristicsoftheSAT,,andbasedonourpreviousstudiesonourcountry'sessay,togettothefinalresultthatourcountrycancometowardsthe“post-Propositionera”fromessay'sform,theessay'scontentshouldopen“thediversityera”aswellastheexpressionoftheessaycanbe“hidden”values,“dominant”theexpressionpatternofimprovementinspiration.
KeyWords:SAT;essay;valueorientations;thevalueofeducation
ABSTRACT
Asoundcollectiveconstructionlandtransfersystemisprecedingtheestablishmentofanurban-ruralintegratedconstructionlandmarket.
First,ruralcollectiveconstructionlandtransfershallpossessasolidbasisthatintegrateslaws,policies,publicpollandpractices.Equalownershipisthelegalbasis.Thedrawbacksoftheformerrurallandacquisitionsystemfacilitatethecollectivesystemandtheregionalpracticeprovestobeeffective,whichprovidesainstitutionalexperienceforthetransferinitslegallevel.
Second,thedissertationanalyzesnormativedocumentsandregionalpracticerelatedtocollectiveconstructionlandtransfer.Afurtheranatomyofthelocalnormativedocumentsandtheirlogicstructuremakesclearadivergenceinpoliciesandlawsmakingbetweenurbanandruralconstructionlandmarket,aswellasvariedfunctionsoverthelanduse.Meanwhile,thepaperconductsacasestudyonthepilotsofcollectiveconstructionlandmarketinHuzhou（Zhejiang），Wuhu（Anhui），Chongqing,Chengdu（Sichuan），Nanhai（Guangdong），Suzhou（Jiangsu）andKushan,andsummarizestheirexperiencesandproblems.
Finally,thedissertationputsforwardarestructuringofcollectiveconstructionlandtransfersystemwiththecontextoftheurbanandruralintegrationandlegislativelydefinesitspurposeandlandpractices.Twothirdsofthefarmercommunitymembersapproveoflandsales,rental,transfer,mortgageandotherlegalusesandthelandthereafterisabletobefurthertransferredwithoutconsent.Allcollectivelandusersorownersareabletomortgagetheland.Theincomeoflandshouldbedistributedontheprincipleoffairnessandgivestheprioritytotheweakgroup.Besides,withinanurban-ruralintegratedconstructionlandmarket,itisalsonecessarytoperfecttaxationandmarketsupervisionandenhancelandplanning,managementandsocialsecurity,topreventthepassiveissues.
KEYWORD:collectiveconstructland,landtransfer,landmarket,incomedistribution
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