ABSTRACT:
1interpretationprogramoftheattributiveclausesinBarackObama's2013StateoftheUnionAddress.Ittargetstoimprovetheauthor'spracticalskillsofinterpretation.
BarackObama's2013StateoftheUnionAddressisapersonalpoliticaladdresswithformallanguageandpersonalpresentationstyle.Inthepresentation,Obamausedmanyattributiveclausestogiveinformation.However,theattributiveclausesareverydifficultforsimultaneousinterpretation.BecauseofthehugedifferencesinlinguisticstructuresbetweenChineseandEnglish,itistoughforinterpreterstofinishinterpretationandmaintainlogicregularitysimultaneously.Indetail,itisdifficulttotranslatetheverylongattributiveclausesintoadjectives.Anditistoughforinterpreterstotranslatetheattributiveclauseslocatedinthemiddleofthesentenceaswellastheattributiveclausesattheendofthesentence,whichcostsmuchtimeinsimultaneousinterpretationandmayinfluencetheinterpretationofthefollowingtext.
AccordingtoPeterNewmark,semantictranslationattemptstorender,ascloselyasthesemanticandsyntacticstructuresofthesecondlanguageallows,theexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginal（Newmark,1982:41）。ThisreportadoptsPeterNewmark'sTheoryofSemanticTranslationtoovercomethedifferentstructuresbetweentwolanguagesandinterpretthewholeinformationcontainedintheoriginaltext.Itputsforwardfourmethodsforattributiveclausesinterpretation:segmentationonce,segmentationtwice,syntacticlinearityandsynthesization.So,theinterpretersdon'thavetotranslatethelinguisticstructureandensurethefollowingtextwillbeinterpreted.
ThisprogramexploresthesimultaneousinterpretationmethodsforattributiveclausesinBarackObama!s2013StateoftheUnionAddress,pointingoutthedifficultiesandmethodsofattributiveclausesinterpretation,whichmayimprovetheauthor'sabilityofinterpretationandhelpotherinterpreterstodealwithsimilardifficultiesinthefuture.
KeyWords:BarackObama's2013Stasimultaneousinterpretation;attributivesimultaneousinterpretationmethodsoftheUnionAddress;English-Chineseclauses;semantictranslationtheory;
ABSTRACT:
Thematerialofthisinterpretationprojectisthereporton2014Obama'sStateofdieUnionAddressheldbyUSgovernmentanddeliveredbyUSpresidentObamainWashingtonon了肌28气2014.HavingconductedanE-Csimulatedconsecutiveinterpreting,theinterpreternoticesthatfrequentusageofparenthesisnotablydetectedinthetextcancausethefollowingproblems:（1）themissofparenthesescanleadtounderstandingdifficulty.Thatistosay,theparenthesesheardaremerelysomeclipswhichlacklogicalconnectionwiththewholesentence;（2）time-lagoftheparentiiesescanalsoresultinlogicalincoherenceduringinteipreting.Theinterpretercanfullyunderstandexactmeaningoftheoriginalmaterialbutfailstointerpretperfectlyduetothefactthatthespeakerfrequentlymakesreplenishmentorparaphraseforthepreviouscontents.
Undertheguidanceofinterpretivetfieoiywith“deverbalization”beingitscore,thispaperhasexploredeffectivestrategiesforsolvingtheproblems:predictionbyinferenceandinformationsimplificationtosolvethefirstone;reformulationandlogicalprocessingbeinghelpfultosolvetihesecondone.Thecompletionofthispapercanhelptocultivatetheauthor'sinterpretingcompetenceaswellasperformanceinthefiiture.
Keywords:interpretivetheory;informationunit;inteipretationstrategies;parenthesis;StateoftheUnionAddress.
ABSTRACTThematerialofthisinterpretationprojectisSCIO'spressconferenceof23,July,2013.ThisreportfocusesonC-EinterpretationoffuzzylanguageinSCIO'spressconference.Firstofall,theauthorhadaC-Econsecutiveinterpretingofthispressconferenceandanalyzedtherecordoftheauthor'sinterpreting.Threetypicaldifficultiesarefounded:（1）largeamountsofthedegreehedgesmakethelistenersfeelconfused;（2）theomissionofthedemonstrativesleadstothedifficultyofthetransformationofsentencestructures;（3）it'shardtoexpresstheinnermeaningoftheabstractconceptwords.
ThisreportchoseSperber&Wilson'sRelevanceTheoryasthetheoreticalbasis.Undertherelevance-theoreticframework,thisreportanalyzedthefuzzylanguage.
Withexamples,thisreportproposedthreecorrespondingC-Econsecutiveinterpretationstrategiestosolvetheseinterpretingdifficulties:（1）integrateorswitchthedegreehedges;（2）addthedemonstratives;（3）explainorreplacetheabstractconceptwords.
Fromtheperspectiveofthefuzzylanguageinthegovernmentpressconference,thisreportproposedthecorrespondingspecificinterpretingstrategiesundertheguidanceoftheRelevanceTheory,whichcanhelptheinterpretertodealwiththissortofdifficulties.
KeyWords:fuzzylanguage;C-Econsecutiveinterpretation;pressconference;RelevanceTheory;interpretationstrategies.
ABSTRACT
Withthedevelopmentofthetimes,tourismindustryisflourishing.Thereisavarietyofguidebooks,whosetranslation,toacertaindegree,influencesthegrowthoflocaltourism.ThistranslationreportisbasedontheChinese-EnglishtranslationofHangzhouTravelGuild（2013）。Thetranslatorhastranslatedapartofthebookandthenfinishedthereportinthehopeofofferingpracticalguidanceforsomedepartmentsrelevantwithtourismandpromotingthedevelopmentoftourism.
Duringthetranslationpractice,becauseofthebigdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishcultureandlanguage,thetranslatorcameacrossthefollowingdifficulties:
（1）thetranslationofculture-loadedwords;（2）thetranslationoflongsentences.UndertheguidanceofSkoposTheory,thetranslatorconsideredthatthetranslationoftravelguideshouldfocusonthetargettextreadersandthetranslatedversionshouldbeinaccordancewiththewritingfeaturesofthetargettextandcatertothetargetreaders.
Combinedwithdetailedexamples,thetranslatorputforwardthefollowingstrategies:（1）addition,omissionandcompression;（2）integratingandsplittingsentences.Thisreportproposedthecorrespondingspecificstrategies,whichcanoffersomereferentialvaluetothetranslatorstotranslatethetourismtexts.
KeyWords:touristtexts;C-Etranslation;culture-loadedwords;longsentences;theSkoposTheory.
F.ScottFitzgeraldisthespokesmanof“JazzAge”whoserepresentativeworkisTheGreatGatsby.Manyfeministscholarshomeorabroadhavedoneagooddealofresearchonthenovel.Mostoftheresearchneglectsthefactthatthenovelisbasedonthepatriarchywhich“subordinatesthefemaletothemaleortreatsthefemaleasinferiormale…”;（Selden,2004:132）andthewomencharactersarepartiallytreatedandDaisyisaprejudicedcharacterasthecauseofGatsby'stragedy.FewhavetriedtoexploretherelationshipbetweenDaisyandGatsby'sAmericanDream.
Withthedevelopmentoffeminism,itisnecessarytore-interpretDaisy'sroleinlensoffeminism.Theauthorattemptstoanalyzefiveofthenovel'scomponentsincludingsetting,narration,plot,imageryandcharacterizationinthefeministperspectiveinwhichobjectificationtheory,Othernesstheoryareappliedinargumentation.BothtextualandstatisticalmethodsareusedtoprovethatDaisyisthevictimratherthanvictimizer.ThisthesisrectifiessomemisreadingofthenovelandmovestowardadeepenedunderstandingofTheGreatGatsby.
ThemisreadingofthenoveliscloselyrelatedtoFitzgerald'spatriarchalideology.Firstofall,thesettinganalysissuggestsTheGreatGatsbyissetbyFitzgeraldhistoricallyinthe1920sandgeographicallyintheMiddleWestandNewYork.The1920ssawtheemergenceof“NewWomen”whowererebukedbypatriarchalideologybecauseoftheirresistancetomaledominance.“Flapper”isthetermappliedtoa“newbreed”ofyoungWesternwomeninthe1920s;andtheMiddleWestandNewYorkareplacesinaccordancewithFitzgerald'slifeexperience.TheGreatGatsbyisineffectthesemi-autobiographicnovelofFitzgerald.ItmirrorsFitzgerald'sstorytotheextentthatevenDaisyismodeledafterhiswife,ZeldawhoisblamedforruiningFitzgerald'sliterarycareer.SotheZelda-typedcharacterofDaisylaysthegroundforheraccusation.Secondly,thenarrationanalysissuggestsitisFitzgerald'sintentionalacttoblindthefactthatDaisyisineffectinnocentlyinvolvedinGatsby'sAmericanDream.ForFitzgeraldchoosesamalenarrator.Thefirst-personnarrativemodeevokessympathyinNick'sexposureofhisfeelings,desires,affections,speculationsaswellasfears.AsnotedbyfeministresearcherGaoMei,“by'walkinginNick'sshoes'readersareunconsciouslyinvitedtosympathizeGatsbyandcriticizeDaisyasIfformingamalealliance.”（GaoMei,2007:56）NickindeedtakesuptheroleofspokesmanforGatsbybesidesactingasanarratorandobserver.Healsofunctionsasthemoralcenter.Andhetakesstanceobviously.Byclaiminghisreservationinjudgments,hestrategicallygainsnarratees'confidenceandthenpresentsDaisyasacareless,selfishandintolerablyamoralwoman.ButwhenthestoryisrelatedbyJordan,awomannarrator,Daisyispresentedasafeeblewomanwhoispersistentinlove,unaffectedandstrugglingdesperatelyagainsttheoppressionofthearrangedmarriage.TheanalysisofsettingandnarrationarticulatesFitzgerald'spatriarchalideologywhichleadstothemisreadingofDaisy.
Thetextualandstatisticalanalysesofthenovelintermsofimagery,plotandcharacterizationalsorevealDaisy'sroleasvictimofGatsby'sAmericanDream.
Firstly,inrespectoftheimagery,theimagesconcerningDaisyarecloselyrelatedtoobjectification.Sheiscomparedwiththeimageofrosemorethan14times.EvenDaisyherselfself-objectifiesasarosefor4times.Gatsby,whofollowsthetypicalAmericanDreampursuer,FranklinBenjamin,regardsDaisyasa“ladder.”ButunlikeFranklin's“ladder,”Gatsby's“ladders”areDaisyandillegalbusiness.
Secondly,astotheplot,Daisyisobjectifiedin3waysincludinginstrumentality,denialofsubjectivityanddenialofself-determinationinaccordancewithphilosopherMarthaNussbaum,scategorization.GatsbylovesDaisynotforwhatsheisbutforherinstrumentalitytohim.HeinsistsoncheatingDaisywithhisoldtricks,butheisneverawareofhersubjectivities.DaisyinfactistheOthernesstoverifyhissuccess,toconfirmhisvictoryandtofeedhisstrongneedofself-recognition.Daisyisdeniedofself-determinationbyGatsbyfor4timesaccordingtostatistics.Heover-expectsDaisytosay“Ineverlovedyou”toTom.HerepresentsDaisytohurtherhusbandwithoutanypermissionofDaisy.
GatsbyalsowishfullyinvolvesDaisyintohismajesticcauseofrepeatingthepast.
Inaddition,hegivesaknightlybutredundantvigiltoprotectDaisy.HisimprudentbehaviorconstantlytriggersDaisy'sdisasterinfamilyandreputation.
Thirdly,astothecharacterization,Daisyisacommodityformen'sgrab.Hermiserabledestinywillnotbechangedwhoever'spossessionshebelongsto.Daisyissincere,loyal,andsubmissive.ItisthosecharacteristicsthatmakeDaisyvulnerabletoGatsby'sextra-maritalseductionandinterference.ButNickdescribesDaisydisdainfullyasifsheisdestructivetoGatsby.Nevertheless,Nickcanneverperceivethebeautyofherlanguageusagewhenheiswearingtintedglasses.ThecharacterizationofDaisyinNick'sdescriptionisideologicallybasednegative;forastatisticchartrevealsthegreatproportionaldisparityinderogativeandprerogativewordsextractedfromthenovel.InthedescriptionofDaisy,therearetotally14prerogativewordsconcerninghercharacterwhilethereare37derogativewordsintotal.InthedescriptionofGatsby,thereare59positivewordswhilethereareonly7negativewordsintotal.
TheanalysisofthefivecomponentsofthenoveluncoversDaisy'sroleinGatsby'sAmericanDream.Shesuffersoppressionofthepatriarchalideology;sheistheprejudicedcharacter.Asamatteroffact,Gatsby'sAmericanDreamisinterwovenwithmoneyandwomen.Hismaterialism-corruptedAmericanDreamisdestinedtobeadisillusion.ItishisAmericanDreamthatinvolvesDaisyintheaccusationforbetrayalofGatsbyandpossiblyconspiringwithTomtomisleadWilsonintomurderinghim.IneffectherroleasawifeandamotherdefinedbypatriarchyleaveshernochoicebuttogiveupGatsby;anditisnotappropriatetoblameonecharacterforher/hiscoldnessoutofthespecifichistoricalcontext.ButsheunfortunatelyismerelythevehicleofGatsby'sdream,thedecorationofhissuccessandatokenofhisself-fulfillment.HerfamilylifeandfemininereputationarespottedbyGatsby'sobsessionandinterference.SheisthevictimratherthanvictimizerKeywords:victim;victimizer;AmericanDream;feminism;objectification;theOther.
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