Abstract
Traditionally,theoriesofinternationalrelationsarebasedonsoverigntyandstates.AsthestridesandleapsmadeinITtechnologieslargelyacceleratetheexpansionofCyberspace,today,cybersecurityhasbecomeanincreasinglyserious,andever-hot,majorinternationalissueovershadowingotherconventionalareasofsecurityinrecentyears.ThenatureanddistinctivefeaturesofCyberspace,whichevolvesandchangesrapidlytoday,ischallengingthefocusesandscopesofinternationalrelations.
Inparticular,therecentexposureoftheso-called“PRISMRevelation”scandalagainignitesaglobalexplosionofsecurityconcerns,suspicions,frictionsandconflictsintheCyberspacethatwereoncealocal,insalientissue.ThefactthatSnowdenaloneiscapableoftriggeringaglobalturbulencerevealstheastonishinglyenormouschallengesposedbycyberimbalancetonationaloreveninternationalsecurity.Theunfoldingdebateonstatesurveillance,InternetcensorshipandthemanyothermanifestationsofstatepowerexercisingsovereigntyoverthenetworkmaketheveryideathatmakingCyberspaceaharborfreeofstates'influencesoundunrealistic,oroutdated.
Also,Cyberspacebringschangestointernationalcommunity.TheinterconnectivitynatureofCyberspacemakesthatonecountry'scybersecurityconcernsnotonlyitsnationalsecurityandpeople'slivelihood,butalsothestabilityandprosperityoftheworldasawhole,whichmeansusingCyberspaceasabattlefieldisinnoone'sinterest.Therefore,Cyberspaceshouldnotbeaplacewhereeverygainforonecountryisalossfortheothers,andvice-versa.Rather,itshouldbeaplaceofcompetitivecollaboration,wherestateschallengeeachother,butfairly,whileseizingtheopportunitiestocollaborateforcollectivegood.
ThispaperisintendedtoexploretheinfluenceofthedevelopmentofCyberspaceoninternationalrelationsinthewakeofthePrismRevelation,soastohaveabetterunderstandingofchangesandnewcharacteristicsoftoday'sinternationalrelations.Unlikethepast,Cyberspacehasemergedandbecomeacriticalconsiderationwhenaddressinginternationalpolitics,itisreshufflingtheworld'slandscapeandreshapingthepolitical,economic,militaryandsocialpatterns.
Keywords:PrismRevelation,Cyberspace,InternationalRelations
ABSTRACT
ThomasHardyisregardedasbothamajornovelistandaprominentpoetduringthetransitionalperiodofthe19thcenturytothe20thcentury.Heismostfamousforhis“NovelsofCharactersandEnvironment”,whichgainshimworldwidereputation.TheReturnoftheNativeisarepresentativeoneofthisseries.
TheReturnoftheNativeisregardedasHardy'sfirsttragicnovelinwhichthecharacters'fatesarecloselyrelatedtothenaturalenvironment.Asanature-lover,ThomasHardyfrequentlyexpresseshisdeepconcerntowardsnatureinthisnovelandappealstoconstructaharmoniousrelationshipbetweenmanandnature.HisecologicalthoughtsembodiedinTheReturnoftheNativeareinaccordancewiththeideasofecocriticism.Toputitbriefly,ecocriticismisanewly-emergedliterarycriticismconcerningtherelationshipbetweenmanandnatureinliteraryworks.Theintrinsicvalueofnatureandecologicalholismareitscoreconcepts.Thistheoryarguesfortheintrinsicvalueofnature,regardsbothmanandnatureastheindispensablecomponentsofthewholeecologicalsystem,maintainingthatbothenjoythesamerightsandhavethesamestatus.Namely,manandnatureareintegratedtogetherinoneeco-system.
Thus,onecannotseparatehimselffromthenaturalenvironment.
ThisthesisistoemploythetheoryofecocriticismtointerpretTheReturnoftheNative.BesidestheIntroductionandConclusionparts,themainbodyofthisthesisfallsintofourchapters.Inthefirstchapter,thethesissortsoutpreviousstudiesofthisnovelbothathomeandabroad.Thesecondchaptergivesanoverviewofthetheoryofecocriticismasthetheoreticalbasisofthisthesis.Thethirdchapterfocusesonthedisharmoniousaspectsasrepresentedinthenovelandbringsouttheecologicalthoughtsembodiedwithin.Inthelightofecologicalholism,thelastchaptermainlydealswithtextanalysiswithemphasisonthedetaileddepictionsoftheharmoniousnaturalworld,whereinmanandnaturefuseintoone.
InTheReturnoftheNative,natureisfullofvigor,vitalityandmysteries.Itpossessesintrinsicvalues,independentfromhumanwills.InHardy'swriting,allthenaturalthingsarehuman-likefiguresandhaveimportantsymbolicmeanings.EgdonHeathisdepictedaspossessingakindofmysteriouspower,manipulatingthecharacter'sfate.Besides,therelationshipbetweenmanandnatureasdemonstratedinthenovelhasitsdeephistoricalbackground.Theinvasionofindustrializationnotonlydisharmonizestheman-naturerelationshipbutalsodistortstheman-manrelationship.
Thecharactersinthenovelwhoalienatethemselvesfromnatureendupwithtragedywhilethosewhocankeepaharmoniousrelationshipwithnaturefinallygetahappyending.Inasense,thecharacters'differentlotsinlifecanbeseenasakindofmetaphoricalexpressionoftherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.
Inanageofincreasingoutbreaksofseriousecologicalcrisis,greatimportanceshouldbeattachedtotherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.Thus,byinterpretingTheReturnoftheNativefromtheperspectiveofecocriticism,thisthesisaimstoexploretheecologicalconsciousnessembodiedinthenovelandhopestocallonaholisticviewindealingwithman-and-naturerelationship.
Keywords:TheReturnoftheNative;ThomasHardy;EcologicalHolism;ManandNature
ABSTRACT
AsmoreandmoretouristsbothabroadandhomevisitChina,ChinahasintroduceditsfirstTourismLawofPeoplesRepublicofChinain2013,thustheEnglishversionofTLPRChasbeenofgreaterimportance.Legallanguageisaspecialonewhichhasuniqueregisterfeatures.Thus,thisthesisattemptstoanalyzetheproblemsandproposestrategiesintheEnglishversion,alsoattemptstoapplytheregistertheorytolegalEnglishtranslationbyconductingananalysisoftheEnglishversionofTLPRC,aimingtoclarifyitsguidancetolegalEnglishtranslationbyusingsomeexamples.
BasedontheSystemicFunctionalLinguistics,thisthesisprobesintothelexical（legalterms,wordsofforeignorigins,archaismandcommonwordswithuncommonmeanings）andsyntactic（declarativesentences,parallelstructure,nominalizationandmodalverbs）featuresoflegalEnglish,thenappliesregistertheorytotranslationpracticetoanalyzetheproblemsexistingintheEnglishversionofTLPRCfromfield,tenorandmodeandalsoproposescorrespondingstrategies,aimingtoachieveregisterequivalencebetter.
DuetothelackofresearchintotheEnglishversionofTLPRC,theauthor,withthehelpofEnglish-ChineseandChinese-EnglishDictionaryofLaw,ADictionaryofModernLegalUsageandMerriam-WebstersDictionaryofLaw,concludesthreeprinciplesinstructingthelegalEnglishtranslation:First,thefieldequivalenceinlegaltranslationismainlyrealizedbylexicalchoicewhichmustfollowthesethreeprinciples:fomialness,precisionandconciseness;Second,tenorequivalenceismainlyachievedbyappropriatechoiceofmodalverbs;Third,modeequivalenceismainlyrealizedbycohesionandnominalization.Inshort,thetranslationshouldreplicatetheregisterfeaturesofthesourcetexttoachievetheregisterequivalence.
KeyWords:legaltranslation;registertheory;TLPRCEnglishversion
Abstract
Currently,thedevelopmentofall-roundtalentsgetsmoreandmoreattentioninuniversityeducation.Generally,liketraditionalteaching,theenvironmentcanalsounconsciouslyinfluencestudents'temperamentandpsychology.Theideagetsmoreandmoreapproval.Peoplealsocommunicatewitheachotherintheenvironmentateverymoment,andobtaindifferentfeelingsuchasjoyandsorrow.Thespiritualcommunicationclosesthedistanceandpromotesemotionofeachother.Besides,thismeaningfulandsentientspacewhichcanproduceimaginationsandfeelingscanachieveresultsofimprovememory.
Spaceistheproductwhichconnectssenses,experiencesandmemoriesofthepast.Beautifiilenvironmentimagecanachievespectaculareffect.Manisthecenteroftheenvironment,andinfluenceseachother.PeopleareinfluencedbyEnvironmentwithobjectsandtheirsenseorgan,andprovideddirectandrealsensorystimulation.Throughtheseelementspeoplecanexperienceandfeeltheenvironment.Campustypeofinvitetypecanattractstudentsstayandwatching,gettheminvolvedinpositiveactivitiesincampus,anddeliverthefriendlyandwelcomingsignalconstantly.Studentswillnaturallystayandplayintheareawhichtheyareinterestedin,andenjoythepleasantexperience.
Thisarticleaimstoexploretheroleofthiskindofemotionalspaceinuniversitycampusenvironmentconstruction,atthesametimetoexploreakindofdesignofincreasinglowintensitycontactformincampusspace.Finallythedailydemandofteachersandstudentscanbesatisfied,andanemotional,humanized,personalizedandcomfortablecampusenvironmentspacecanbecreated.
Keywords:CampusEnvironment;EmotionalExperience;CollegeEducation;NOTativeInquiry
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