ABSTRACT
ThomasHardyisregardedasbothamajornovelistandaprominentpoetduringthetransitionalperiodofthe19thcenturytothe20thcentury.Heismostfamousforhis“NovelsofCharactersandEnvironment”,whichgainshimworldwidereputation.TheReturnoftheNativeisarepresentativeoneofthisseries.
TheReturnoftheNativeisregardedasHardy'sfirsttragicnovelinwhichthecharacters'fatesarecloselyrelatedtothenaturalenvironment.Asanature-lover,ThomasHardyfrequentlyexpresseshisdeepconcerntowardsnatureinthisnovelandappealstoconstructaharmoniousrelationshipbetweenmanandnature.HisecologicalthoughtsembodiedinTheReturnoftheNativeareinaccordancewiththeideasofecocriticism.Toputitbriefly,ecocriticismisanewly-emergedliterarycriticismconcerningtherelationshipbetweenmanandnatureinliteraryworks.Theintrinsicvalueofnatureandecologicalholismareitscoreconcepts.Thistheoryarguesfortheintrinsicvalueofnature,regardsbothmanandnatureastheindispensablecomponentsofthewholeecologicalsystem,maintainingthatbothenjoythesamerightsandhavethesamestatus.Namely,manandnatureareintegratedtogetherinoneeco-system.
Thus,onecannotseparatehimselffromthenaturalenvironment.
ThisthesisistoemploythetheoryofecocriticismtointerpretTheReturnoftheNative.BesidestheIntroductionandConclusionparts,themainbodyofthisthesisfallsintofourchapters.Inthefirstchapter,thethesissortsoutpreviousstudiesofthisnovelbothathomeandabroad.Thesecondchaptergivesanoverviewofthetheoryofecocriticismasthetheoreticalbasisofthisthesis.Thethirdchapterfocusesonthedisharmoniousaspectsasrepresentedinthenovelandbringsouttheecologicalthoughtsembodiedwithin.Inthelightofecologicalholism,thelastchaptermainlydealswithtextanalysiswithemphasisonthedetaileddepictionsoftheharmoniousnaturalworld,whereinmanandnaturefuseintoone.
InTheReturnoftheNative,natureisfullofvigor,vitalityandmysteries.Itpossessesintrinsicvalues,independentfromhumanwills.InHardy'swriting,allthenaturalthingsarehuman-likefiguresandhaveimportantsymbolicmeanings.EgdonHeathisdepictedaspossessingakindofmysteriouspower,manipulatingthecharacter'sfate.Besides,therelationshipbetweenmanandnatureasdemonstratedinthenovelhasitsdeephistoricalbackground.Theinvasionofindustrializationnotonlydisharmonizestheman-naturerelationshipbutalsodistortstheman-manrelationship.
Thecharactersinthenovelwhoalienatethemselvesfromnatureendupwithtragedywhilethosewhocankeepaharmoniousrelationshipwithnaturefinallygetahappyending.Inasense,thecharacters'differentlotsinlifecanbeseenasakindofmetaphoricalexpressionoftherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.
Inanageofincreasingoutbreaksofseriousecologicalcrisis,greatimportanceshouldbeattachedtotherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.Thus,byinterpretingTheReturnoftheNativefromtheperspectiveofecocriticism,thisthesisaimstoexploretheecologicalconsciousnessembodiedinthenovelandhopestocallonaholisticviewindealingwithman-and-naturerelationship.
ABSTRACT
Thematerialofthisinterpretationprojectisthereporton2014Obama'sStateofdieUnionAddressheldbyUSgovernmentanddeliveredbyUSpresidentObamainWashingtonon了肌28气2014.HavingconductedanE-Csimulatedconsecutiveinterpreting,theinterpreternoticesthatfrequentusageofparenthesisnotablydetectedinthetextcancausethefollowingproblems:（1）themissofparenthesescanleadtounderstandingdifficulty.Thatistosay,theparenthesesheardaremerelysomeclipswhichlacklogicalconnectionwiththewholesentence;（2）time-lagoftheparentiiesescanalsoresultinlogicalincoherenceduringinteipreting.Theinterpretercanfullyunderstandexactmeaningoftheoriginalmaterialbutfailstointerpretperfectlyduetothefactthatthespeakerfrequentlymakesreplenishmentorparaphraseforthepreviouscontents.
Undertheguidanceofinterpretivetfieoiywith“deverbalization”beingitscore,thispaperhasexploredeffectivestrategiesforsolvingtheproblems:predictionbyinferenceandinformationsimplificationtosolvethefirstone;reformulationandlogicalprocessingbeinghelpfultosolvetihesecondone.Thecompletionofthispapercanhelptocultivatetheauthor'sinterpretingcompetenceaswellasperformanceinthefiiture.
ABSTRACT
AccordingtoLefevere,translationisrewritingofthesourcetext.Allrewritingsmanifestacertainideologyandpoeticswhichmanipulateorinfluenceliteraryworkstofunctioninagivensocietyinagivenway.Translatorsalwayschangetheoriginaltextstosomeextentsoastocomplywiththemainstreamideologyandpoetics.Onlyinthiswaycanthetranslatedversionpasstheofficialinspectionsmoothlyandbeacceptedbymostreaders.
NathanielHawthorne'snovelTheScarletLetterhaslongbeenconsideredasaclassicbothathomeandabroad.Publishedin1850,thenoveltellsthestoryabouttheprotagonistHesterPrynne,whoconceivesadaughterthroughanadulterousaffairandtrieshardtostartanewlifeofregretanddignity.Duetoitsimportantpositioninthehistoryofworldliterature,ithasalreadybeentranslatedintomanydifferentkindsofforeignlanguages.Accordingtothematerialsavailable,thereareupto34differentChineseversions.ThepresentstudyattemptstomakeacomparativestudyoftwoChineseversions（HanShiheng'sversionin1954andYaoNaiqiang'sversionin1996）ofTheScarletLetterfromtheperspectiveofManipulationTheory.
Throughcomparison,thisthesisholdsthatideologyandpoeticsindifferenthistoricaltimesinfluencetranslators'philosophyoftranslationandtheirtranslationstrategies.Forthesameoriginalworktobetranslated,translatorsofdifferenttimestendtohaveobviousdifferencesintheselectionoflexicon,syntaxandeventhetextstructure.Han'sversionmanifestsmoreaboutthemanipulationofpoliticalideologythanYao'sversion.ButinYao'sversion,thetraceofsocialistideologyisnotthatobvioussincethisversioncameoutunderthespringbreezeofreformandopening-uppolicyblowingacrossthecountry.Owingtothedifferentperiodsoftimegovernedbytheirideologyandpoetics,HanandYaotendtotranslateTheScarletLetterdifferentlyintextmaking.Intermsoftheaveragesentencelength,Han'sversionislongerthanYao's,indicatingthatHanadoptstotaketheliteraltranslationstrategywhileYaoisinclinedtousefreetranslationstrategy.Atthestructurallevel,HandeletestheprefacewhileYaoretainsit,whichcanbeinferredthatthepoeticsfactors,includingthechangedstatusofAmericanliteratureandscholars'viewsonthesignificanceoftheprefaceplayanimportantroleintranslation.
BesidestheIntroductionandConclusionparts,thepresentthesisiscomposedofthreechapters.ThefirstchapteristheliteraturereviewconcernedwithTheScarletLetteranditstranslation.ChapterTwointroducesthetheoreticalfoundationofthestudy–theManipulationTheory.ChapterThreeisthemainpartofthethesis,analyzingthetwoChineseversionsofTheScarletLetterfromtheperspectiveofManipulationTheory,andexplainingthedifferenttranslationstrategiesadoptedbythetranslators.
ABSTRACT
Sciencefiction,formerlycalledscientificromance,orsciencefantasy,isadistinctgenreofliteratureimportedfromtheWesterncountriesandcameintobeingintheLateQingDynasty（1872-1911）asameansofnationalsalvationandmasseducation.From1900to1911,thetranslatedsciencefiction,outnumberingthecreatedones,madeastrongimpactonthedomesticsciencefictioncreation.ThisthesisattemptstoinvestigatethetranslationnormsofsciencefictiontranslationsinthelateQingDynastyinthelightofToury'stranslationnormtheory.BasedonToury'stranslationnormtheory,thethesisattemptstoexplorethesocial-culturalfactorsthatgovernedthetranslationactivitymacroscopicallyandinvestigatetheoperationalnormsfollowedbythetranslatorsateachstageoftranslationprocessmicroscopically.
BesidesIntroductionandConclusion,thisthesisconsistsofthreechapters.ChapterOneistheliteraturereviewonthefictiontranslationstudiesintheLateQingDynastyandthetranslationstudiesofsciencefictionbothathomeandabroad;ChapterTwogivesageneraloverviewofToury'snormtheory,constitutingthetheoreticalfoundation;ChapterThreeisthemainbody,studyingthetranslationofsciencefictionintheLateQingDynastyonthebasisofToury'snormtheory.
Throughtheinvestigationofthepreliminarynorms,thethesisfindsoutthatthechoicesmadebythesciencefictiontranslatorsweremostlyrestrictedbythetargetculturenorms.ItistheactualneedinthetargetculturethatdetermineswhetherornotaforeignsciencefictionwillbetranslatedintheLateQingDynasty.Theintrinsicvalueortheartisticsideofthetextseemstobeoflittlesignificance.Besides,throughtheinvestigationofthedirectnessoftranslation,thepresentauthorfindsthatnearlyonefourthofthe108sciencefictiontranslationsweretranslatedthroughthemediumofJapaneseversionsbecauseofthetranslators'eagernesstolearnfromtheJapanesesuccessandthelanguageaffinityofbothChineseandJapaneselanguages.ThereforetranslatedsciencefictionswiththeJapaneselanguageasthemediumdominateinthesciencefictiontranslation.Then,onthebasisofinitialnorm,thethesismakesadiscussiononthetranslators'decisionwhethertoadoptan“adequate”translationortoemployan“acceptable”translation.Forthepurposeofminimizingtheforeignnessoftargettexts,translatorstendedtochooseawayoffreetranslationandadaptation.
Therefore,sciencefictiontranslationintheLateQingDynastywascharacterizedbythetendencyofacceptabilityoveradequacy.Finally,itstudiesandreconstructstheoperationalnormsintheconcreteprocessofsciencefictiontranslationwithspecificexamplesfromthefollowingtwoaspects:themanipulationofthecontents,andthemanipulationoftheform.Intermsofthecontents,translatorsmadedeletions,additionsandalterationstotheoriginalatwill,anditwasalsocommonforthetranslatorstomakecommentswherevertheyfeltnecessary,somewereevenrewritingintheprocessoffictiontranslation.Asfortheform,firstly,somesciencefictiontranslatorsintheLateQingDynastyusuallychangedthenarrativemodeoftheoriginalintoatraditionalthirdpersonnarratororanomniscientpointofviewaccordingtothereadinghabitoftheChinesereadersandadopttheChineseZhanghuiStyle.Secondly,classicalChinesewasstilldominantlyadoptedbymostsciencefictiontranslators.However,withthebirthofthevernacularChinese,thelanguageadoptedbythesomesciencefictiontranslatorswereacombinationoftheclassicalandvernacularChinesewhichretainedsomefeaturesofclassicalChinesebutmuchsimplerandfreerinvocabularyandsentencestructure.
ABSTRACT
Thisthesisfocusesontheforeignchildren'sliteraturetranslation（FCLT）intheLateQingDynasty（1898-1911）。Undertheguidanceofpolysystemtheory,thisthesisattemptstoworkoutthecomplicatednetworkofrelationsunderlyingthephenomenon.
Inthisway,theemphasisofthisstudyisputontherelationshipbetweenFCLTandsystemsincludingsocialbackground,thecanonizedliteratureandchildren'sliteratureintheLateQingDynasty.Onthebasisofthis,thestudycomestoaconclusionaboutthepositionassumedandthefunctionservedbyFCLTintheLateQingDynasty.
Besides“Introduction”and“Conclusion”,thisthesisconsistsofthreechapters.
“Introduction”mainlydealswiththeresearchbackground,themethodsemployedaswellasthesignificanceofthisstudy;Thefirstchapteristheliteraturereviewonthestudiesofthechildren'sliteratureandFCLTintheLateQingDynasty;Thesecondchaptertakespolysystemtheoryasthetheoreticalfoundationofthisstudy;ThethirdchapteristhemainbodyofthisthesisinwhichadetailedanalysisofFCLTonthebasisofpolysystemtheoryispresentedintermsoftherelationshipbetweenFCLTandtheabove-mentionedthreesystemsintheLateQingDynasty.Atlast,aconclusionismadeaboutthestatusofFCLTintheLateQingDynasty.Inaddition,limitationsofthisstudyarepointedoutandsuggestionsforfurtherstudygiven.
AsfortherelationshipbetweensocialbackgroundandFCLTintheLateQingDynasty,amacrostudyofthelattershowsthatFCLTmadeitsfirstappearanceintheLateQingDynastytomeettheneedofthesociety.Inaddition,undertheinfluenceofthecomplicatedsituationofthesociety,itdisplaysdiversityintermsofmotivations,translatorsaswellastargetreaders.However,despitethefactthatquiteanumberofworksweretranslatedtofulfillthetranslator'sattempttoarouseasenseofpatriotismamongreadersortospreadChristianity,thereexistedworkstranslatedparticularlyforchildren.ThisisunprecedentedintheChinesehistory.Furthermore,thosetranslationswithaninitialgoalofspreadingChristianityturnedouttobeagoodsourceofchildren'sbooksinbothcontentandlanguageduringthosedays.Meanwhile,someothertranslations,suchassciencefiction,althoughnotregardingchildrenasthetargetreaders,werewidelyfavoredbychildren.WithregardtotherelationshipbetweenthecanonizedliteratureandFCLTintheLateQingDynasty,amicrostudyofthesetranslationsrevealsthatthecanonizedliteraturehasexertedagreatinfluenceonthetranslationintermsoftheselectionofworksandthetranslatingstrategies.Inaddition,newelementswerealsointroducedintothetargetcultureviathesetranslations.Asaresult,goingagainstthetheoryaboutthepositionoftranslatedliteratureinthetargetcultureraisedbyEven-Zohar,FCLTintheLateQingDynastynotonlyemployedtheoldpatternsinthecanonizedliteraturebutalsointroducednewtypesfromthesourceculture.ConcerningtherelationshipbetweenFCLTandchildren'sliteratureintheLateQingDynasty,thesetranslationsnotonlyconstitutedalargeshareofchildren'sliteraturebutalsopromotedtheproductionofworksforchildrenbydomesticwriters.
BasedontheabovestudyoftherelationshipbetweenFCLTintheLateQingDynastyandthethreesystems,thethesiscomestotheconclusionthatatasynchronicallevelthetranslationresultedfromtheneedofthesocietyandfullyexposedthecomplicatedsituationofthesocialbackground.Inaddition,itnotonlyfollowedtheoldpatternsinthecanonizedliteraturebutalsobroughtinnewelementsfromthesourceculture.Atadiachroniclevel,FCLTintheLateQingDynasty,togetherwithworkscomposedforchildrenbydomesticwritersthen,symbolizesthetransitionofattitudetowardschildrenandtheadventofChinesechildren'sliterature.
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