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Abstract

Traditionally,theoriesofinternationalrelationsarebasedonsoverigntyandstates.AsthestridesandleapsmadeinITtechnologieslargelyacceleratetheexpansionofCyberspace,today,cybersecurityhasbecomeanincreasinglyserious,andever-hot,majorinternationalissueovershadowingotherconventionalareasofsecurityinrecentyears.ThenatureanddistinctivefeaturesofCyberspace,whichevolvesandchangesrapidlytoday,ischallengingthefocusesandscopesofinternationalrelations.

Inparticular,therecentexposureoftheso-called“PRISMRevelation”scandalagainignitesaglobalexplosionofsecurityconcerns,suspicions,frictionsandconflictsintheCyberspacethatwereoncealocal,insalientissue.ThefactthatSnowdenaloneiscapableoftriggeringaglobalturbulencerevealstheastonishinglyenormouschallengesposedbycyberimbalancetonationaloreveninternationalsecurity.Theunfoldingdebateonstatesurveillance,InternetcensorshipandthemanyothermanifestationsofstatepowerexercisingsovereigntyoverthenetworkmaketheveryideathatmakingCyberspaceaharborfreeofstates'influencesoundunrealistic,oroutdated.

Also,Cyberspacebringschangestointernationalcommunity.TheinterconnectivitynatureofCyberspacemakesthatonecountry'scybersecurityconcernsnotonlyitsnationalsecurityandpeople'slivelihood,butalsothestabilityandprosperityoftheworldasawhole,whichmeansusingCyberspaceasabattlefieldisinnoone'sinterest.Therefore,Cyberspaceshouldnotbeaplacewhereeverygainforonecountryisalossfortheothers,andvice-versa.Rather,itshouldbeaplaceofcompetitivecollaboration,wherestateschallengeeachother,butfairly,whileseizingtheopportunitiestocollaborateforcollectivegood.

ThispaperisintendedtoexploretheinfluenceofthedevelopmentofCyberspaceoninternationalrelationsinthewakeofthePrismRevelation,soastohaveabetterunderstandingofchangesandnewcharacteristicsoftoday'sinternationalrelations.Unlikethepast,Cyberspacehasemergedandbecomeacriticalconsiderationwhenaddressinginternationalpolitics,itisreshufflingtheworld'slandscapeandreshapingthepolitical,economic,militaryandsocialpatterns.

Keywords:PrismRevelation,Cyberspace,InternationalRelations

Abstract

Advertisingisnotonlyanimportantmeansofpromotingproductsandservices,butalsoanimportantpartinhumanlife.Theinfluenceofadvertisinghasgonebeyondeconomyandenteredintomanyaspectsofpeople'slife.

Americanadvertisingisthemostdevelopedandtypicalandcanserveasagoodexampletodemonstratetherelationshipbetweenadvertisingandculture.ThedevelopmentofAmericanadvertisingcanbedividedintofourstages:thefirststage（1776-1880）isthebeginningofAmericanadvertising;thesecondstage（1880-WWⅠ）istheearlydevelopmentofAmericanadvertising;thethirdstage（1920-1960）isthestageofmodernAmericanadvertising;thefourthstage（1960-）isthestageofcontemporaryAmericanadvertising.

Thefour-stagedevelopmentofAmericanadvertisingshowsthatadvertisingisanimportantpartofculture.Advertisingreflectsdifferentaspectsofcultureinitsdevelopment.ItreflectshistoricalbackgroundofAmerica.ItpropelsthedevelopmentofAmericanconsumerculture.Itimprovespeople'slivingstandardsandreflectssocialvalues.ItalsocreatessocialtrendsandcontributestoculturaldiversityinAmerica.

Keywords:advertising,culturalelements,America

Abstract

LisaJaneSmithisanAmericanfemalewriterofyoung-adult-themedliterature.

TheVampireDiariesisoneofherrepresentativeworks.Sinceitspublicationoftrilogyin1991,thenovelshavewonwidereadershipacrosstheglobe.

ThisthesisconductsananalysisofTheVampireDiariesfromanewperspective,consideringittranscendstheformofGothicnovel,andexplorestheinheritanceandbreakthroughofGothicfeaturesinTheVampireDiaries,focusingonitstheme,characters,thenplotsdevelopment.

Onthefictiontheme,TheVampireDiariesinheritstheGothicthemeofhorror,love,andconflictsbetweengoodandevil;butfurtherdevelopstheabovethemesthroughcombinationofmodernelementsandfantasy.Forthevampireimageandcharacterization,TheVampireDiariesstillpossessesthevampireimageandpowerintraditionalGothicnovels,andbringsmoredistinctivevampires'supernaturalpoweranduniquebehaviors.ComparedwithtraditionalGothicvampirestories,theplotofTheVampireDiariesgetsmoreinvolvedandmoretwistedscenario.

Astherepresentativeworkofmodernvampirefictions,TheVampireDiaries'inheritanceandbreakthroughofGothicfictionsinturnbringsitselfhugesuccessandgreatreputation.Andasthesub-genreofGothicfiction,vampirefictionswillbelongstandingandgetprosperousduetoitsuniquefeaturesandculturalbackgroundintoday'sdevelopedsociety.

Keywords:TheVampireDiaries,LisaJaneSmith,Gothicliterature,inheritance,breakthrough

ABSTRACT

CognateObjectConstruction（COCforshort）inEnglishisaspeciallinguisticphenomenon.Itisformedbyanintransitiveverbanditscognatenounsomehowmodified.Manydomesticandforeignscholarshavedescribeditssyntacticandcognitivepropertiesfromdifferentangles,butstillthereremainthingsinconclusive.

Forexample,musttherebeamodifierbeforethecognateobject（CO）？Ifso,whatmotivatesthenecessityofmodifyingtheCO?SincethepredicateverbintheCOCisintransitive,whatmakesitpossibleforittotakeanobject?IsthereanyinstantiationofCOCinChinese?WhatarethedifferencesbetweentheconstructionV-yi-VinChineseandtheCOCinEnglish?Inthisthesis,weattempttoprovideanswerstothesequestions.

Firstly,weapproachthenecessityofqualifyingtheCOfrompragmaticandcognitiveperspectives.Fromtheviewpointofpragmaticinformationalfocus,themodifieroftheCOexpressesnon-presupposedinformationandcarriesthenormalstress.Therefore,itconstitutesthenaturalfocusofanentiresentence.Ontheotherhand,inthelightofthecognitivemechanismsdevelopedintheconstrualtheory,themodifieroftheCOhighlightsthedifferencebetweentheprofile（i.e.thespecificeventdenotedbytheCOlinkedwiththepropertycharacterizedbythemodifierphrase）andthebase（i.e.theeventkinddenotedbythepredicateverb），andmetaphoricallyalludestothepathalongwhichthesubjectreferent（i.e.thetrajector）movesagainstthebackgroundevent（i.e.thelandmark）designatedbythepredicateverbtowardsatelicpointwhichisthespecificeventdenotedbytheCOtogetherwithitsmodifier.Inanothersense,themodifyingelementbringsprominencetotheresultativenessaswellasboundednessoftheverb-denotedeventinitsbeingsummarilyscannedbytheCO.

Secondly,byadoptingaconstructiongrammarapproach,thethesistentativelyexplainsthecauseforthetransitiveuseoftheintransitiveverbintheCOC.WecomparetheCOCwithtypicaltransitiveconstructionsbasedonHopper&Thompson's（1980）viewontransitivityandconcludethatCOCislikewiseatransitiveconstruction.Meanwhile,thethesisreformulatestheconstructionalmeaningoftheCOCasbeing“XvolitionallydoestheactofZinaboundedqualifiedYway”.

Therebytheintransitiveverbiscoercedbytheconstructiontotakeanobject.

Lastly,thethesisdescribesthesemanticandsyntacticfeaturesoftheChineseV-yi-VconstructionandcomparesitwiththeCOCinEnglish,drawingthefollowingconclusions:whilethesetwoconstructionsshareasimilarsurfaceformandbothinvolveasemanticbleachingoftheverbandtheboundedreadingoftheconstruction,thereareremarkabledifferencesbetweentheCOinCOCandthe“yi-V”in“V-yi-V”intermsofbothsyntacticpropertiesandsemanticfeatures.Therefore,theChineseV-yi-VconstructionisnotatrueCOC.

Keywords:COC;Modifier;InformationFocus;Transitivity;ConstrualTheory;V-yi-VConstruction

ABSTRACT

Therehavebeenmanystudiesontheverbsofplacement（VOPforshort）andtheconstructionscontainingtheseverbs.However,thesepreviousstudieshavenotpaidsufficientattentiontothedifferencesexistingamongthevariousChineseconstructionscontainingVOPaswellasthoseexistingbetweentheChineseconstructionscontainingVOPandtheirEnglishcounterparts.ThispapermakesacomparisonofthosedifferenttypesofChineseconstructionscontainingVOP,anditalsocomparestheseChineseconstructionswiththeirEnglishcounterparts.Besides,itattemptstoaccountforsuchdifferencesinrelationtotheNormalStressConstraint（NSC），thePost-verbalConstraintaswellastheL/S-syntaxdistinctionmadeinthegenerativetheoryofsyntax.

First,theChineseconstructionNP1+V+NP2+PLocisdifferentfromtheother1prepositionalphraseco-occuraftertheverb.IntheotherChineseconstructionscontainingVOP,however,eithertheobjectorthelocativeprepositionalphraseoccursaftertheverb.AlltheconstructionsinthelattergroupcomplywiththeNSCandPost-verbalConstraintwhereastheconstructionNP1+V+NP2+PLocapparentlydoesnot.However,ifweregardthisconstructionasapivotalconstruction,wheretheverb-likeitemzai（在）takingthePpositionactsasapredicateelementcapableofassigningthenormalstresstothelocativenoun,thentheconstructioninquestiondoesnotviolateNSC.Moreover,thispivotalconstructionmaybeanalyzedasbeingcomprisedoftwoseparableclauses:NP1+V+NP2andNP2+PLoc.Ineachofthem,onlytheobjectoccursaftertheverb.Theconstructionthereforedoesn'tviolatethePost-verbalConstraint,either.

Second,thisthesisdeterminesthetypicalconstructionscontainingVOPinChineseandEnglish.ThetypicalconstructioncontainingVOPinChineseisNP1+PP+V+NP2whilethatinEnglishisNP1+V+NP2+PPinEnglish.Thedifferenceexistingbetweenthesetwoconstructionsapparentlyliesinwordorder.InthetypicalEnglishconstruction,theprepositionalphraseoccursaftertheverbbutitoccursinapreverbalpositioninthetypicalChineseconstruction.WethinkthatitisduetothePost-verbalConstraintattestedinChineseonlythatgivesrisetothisdifference.Generally,onlytheobjectoftheverbandtheresultativeelementcanoccurpost-verballyinaChineseclause.Theprepositionalphraseindicatinglocationorinstrument,however,hastooccurinapreverbalposition.ThisappliestothetypicalChineseconstructioncontainingaVOPaswell.

Finally,theextension-typeconstructionfoundinEnglishcannotbefoundinChinese.Accordingtoouranalysis,Englishverbsofplacementsuchaspocketandbutter,whichcanentertheextension-typeconstruction,arederivedfromtheircorrespondingnominalform.Inthederivativeprocess,thenounsincorporaterespectivelywiththelightverbsCAUSEandBECOMEthroughsyntacticoperationsatthelexicalsyntacticlevel,ultimatelyformingthedenominalVOPstakingthematrixverbposition.SuchsyntacticoperationsinL-syntaxare,however,unavailableinChineseaccordingtoLin（2001）。Therefore,thedenominalVOPisnotyieldableinChinese,resultingintheabsenceofextension-typeconstructioninChinese.

Keywords:VOP;ConstructionContainingVOP;Comparison;NormalStressConstraint;Post-verbalConstraint;L-syntax

ABSTRACT

Knownasthe“heaven-taughtploughman”,RobertBurns（1759-96）isoneofthemostfamousandinfluentialbardsinScotland.HeisalsowidelyregardedasthenationalpoetofScotlandandiscelebratedaroundtheworld.HispoemsarealwayswrittenintheScottishdialectonavarietyofversionsexpoundingondifferentsubjects,suchaspoliticalpoems,satiricalepigramsandlyricsballads.IfdomesticstudiesaremainlyconcernedwiththeappreciationandtranslationofcertainepigramsandepistlesofBurns'earlypoems,thisthesiswillmainlyexplorehislaterpoemsfromanothernewpointtoenlargeawilderhorizon---Burns'vocationalinvolvementwiththeprosegeorgicsandScotspastoralinthe18thcentury,towhichhehasgraduallyattractedmoreandmoreattention.

WhatimpressesusreadersmosttodayaboutRobertBurnsis,ontheonehand,thehallmarkfeatureofhisreinventionofpastoral---hisuseofScottishdialectandfrequenteschewalofpoliteAugustancoupletverseinfavorofsixteenthandseventeenth-centuriesScotsverseformssuchastheChrist'sKirk,CherryandSlae,especiallytheadoptionoftheStandardHabbie.SomeofhismostfamouspoemssuchasToaMouseandHolyWillie'sPrayerhavesurpriseduswiththeirunusualpoetictechniques,particularlyforitsemploymentofthisrepresentative6-linestanza.Ontheotherhand,RobertBurnscallsfortherenaissanceofclassical,andespeciallyTheocritanpastoral,whichisidentifiedwiththeshepherd-songsvoiceoftherevivalofScottishvernacularpoetryatthattime.

ButBurns'pastoralpoemshavethetendencyforrusticityandforcriticalrealism,whichisinlinewiththeScotspastoralpoetry.Burns'poemsarerooteddeeplyinScotland,andarealwaysthereflectionsoflocalcolorandcustoms.Hispoemsrelateshepherds,thecotterswithwhomheisquitefamiliarwith,thepureandinnocentyouthofScotland,theheroeswhohavefoughtfortheindependenceoftheirnation,andtheScotchurchandthesnobbishgentrywhichhehatredsmost.

Asaploughmanpoet,Burnsisquitefamiliarwiththelocalnativeland,whereheliveshappilyandlaboriously.Healsosensesthepoorlifeandtoilsomelaborofthebottom-layeredpeople,forwhomhecreatesmanypoemstohailtheirdiligenceandconveyhismercyandpity.Asaromanticpoet,Burnsentersnature,goesintothewildfieldtoexperiencethelifeandfeelingsofagoatherd.Besidesenvisioningthebeautyofnature,pursuingthepleasuresinnature,helongsforherdinginthewildpasturewithfreedomandjoyance.

KeyWords:Scotspastoral;labor;nature;rusticity;realism

ABSTRACT

WilliamFaulknerisoneofthegreatestwritersinthe20thcentury.AsaleaderofAmerican“SouthernRenaissance”,hewontheNobelPrizeofliteraturein1949for“hispowerfulandartisticallyuniquecontributiontothemodernAmericannovel”.（Faulkner,1949）LightinAugustisoneofhismasterpieceswhichexploremoralthemesrelatedtothedeclineoftheoldSouth.Thisthesisprimarilyconcentratesonhard-to-defineidentityoftheprotagonist-JoeChristmaswiththeapplicationofthepost-colonialisttheory.

Identity,fromtheperspectiveofpost-colonialism,isadynamicprocessofconstructioninvolvedwithhistoricalandsocialelements.Itisneithernaturalnorstable,butinventedandconstructedoutside.Inthenovel,JoeChristmasisregardedasamulattosuspectbecauseofhisbirthriddle,despitethefactthatthereisnoclearevidenceabouthisuncertainty.Cagedwithintheracism-rootedsouthernsociety,Joe'suncertainidentitysetshimontothetragiclife,forthisambiguityitselfisathreattothestabilityofthecommunity.Ontheonehand,Joeisintheendlesspursuitofhisownidentityundertheinfluenceofsociety.Heissoobsessedwithlocatinghisownpositionandseekingthesenseofbelongingthathecannotfindpeaceindeepheart.Itturnsoutthatallhiseffortsfail,withoutsatisfactoryconsequences.Inacertainsense,Joecreatesthepredicamentforhimself.Havingfailedtoapplythestrategyofhybridityinpost-colonialismtofightbackthesociety,Joeisdoomedtobeostracizedandabandonedbythemainstreamwhitesociety.Heislikearoundpeginasquarehole,waveringbetweenthewhiteandtheblackcommunityallhislifetime.Ontheotherhand,thewholesocietyiskeentopindownJoe'sclearidentityinhisownwill,regardlessofJoe'sintention.Inahierarchicalsociety,itistheracialprejudiceanddifferentsocialpowersthatcreateandconstructJoeasapartnigger.

TherearefourchaptersinthethesisbesidesIntroductionandConclusionparts.

ChapterOneistheliteraturereviewofLightinAugustbothathomeandabroad.

ChapterTwogivesanoverviewofthepost-colonialisttheories,especiallytheoriesofidentityconstruction,whichconstitutesthetheoreticalfoundation.ChaptersThreeandFourarethemainbody,respectivelyanalyzingboththeinternalandexternalelementsofJoe'sidentitydilemmainthelightofthepost-colonialtheories.

Inconclusion,theindeterminacyofJoeChristmas'identitydemonstratesthattheessenceofidentityissueisnotwhetheroneisablackornot,butthesocialconstructionofidentityofhumanbeings.

Keywords:LightinAugust;JoeChristmas;Post-colonialisttheory;identity