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新编研究生英语系列教程

博士研究生英语综合教程

(第二版/教师用书)

北京市研究生英语教学研究会

主编陈大明徐汝舟

副主编刘宁王焱华

许建平

编者赵宏凌邹映辉

杨凤珍来鲁宁

张剑柳君丽

曹莉郑辉

中国人民大学出版社

KeytotheExercises

UnitOneScience

Text1CanWeReallyUnderstandMatter

I.Vocabulary

1.A2.B3.A4.C5.D6.B7.B8.C

II.Definition

1.Apriority2.Momentum3.Animplication4.Polarization

5.thedistancethatlighttravelsinayear,about5.88trillionmilesor9.46trillionkm.

6.acontradictoryorabsurdstatementthatexpressesapossibletruth

7.adevicethatspeedsupchargedelementaryparticlesorionstohighenergies

III.Mosaic

1.Thestress:(Omitted)

Pronunciationrule:AnEnglishwordendedwith–tionor–sionhasitsstressonthelastsyllablebutone.

2.molecule

3.A4.B5.C6.B7.A8.A

IV.Translation

(RefertotherelevantpartoftheChinesetranslation)

InSeptember1995,anti-hydrogenatom—ananti-matteratom—wassuccessfullydevelopedinEuropeanParticlePhysicsLaboratoryinSwitzerland.Afterthestartlingnewsspreadout,scientistsintheWestwhowereindulgedintheresearchofanti-matterweregreatlyexcited.Whiletheywereattemptingtoproduceandstoreanti-matterastheenergyforspacecraft,theyraisedanewquestion:Manyofthemysteriousnuclearexplosionsintherecentonehundredyearsareconnectedwithanti-matter.Thatistosay,thesehard-to-explainexplosionsaretricksplayedbyanti-matter.Theyarethe"destruction"phenomenoncausedbytheimpactbetweenmatterandanti-matter.

V.Grouping

Uncertainty:

whatif,illusory,indescribable,puzzle,speculation,seemingly,insomemysteriousway

Contrast:

moredaunting,thehardestofhardsciences,dolittletodiscourage,fromafar,closescrutiny,workamazinglywell

C.ApplicationsofQuantummechanics:

themomentumofachargingelephant,buildingimprovedgyroscopes

1.probabilities2.illusory3.discourage4.scrutiny

VI.TopicsforDiscussionandWriting

(Omitted)

WritingStrategyDefinition

I.Completethefollowingdefinitionswiththehelpofdictionaries.

1.Tobribemeanstoinfluencethebehaviororjudgmentofothers(usuallyinpositionsofpower)unfairlyorillegallybyofferingthemfavorsorgifts.

2.Gravityisdefinedasthenaturalforcebywhichobjectsareattractedtoeachother,especiallythatbywhichalargemasspullsasmalleronetoit.

3.ThemillenniumbugreferstotheputerglitchthatarisesfromaninabilityofthesoftwaretodealcorrectlywithdatesofJanuary2000orlater.

4.Globalizationisunderstoodasthedevelopmentsoastomakepossibleinternationalinfluenceoroperation.

II.Writeaone-paragraphdefinitionofthefollowingwords.

1.hypothesis

Ahypothesisisanideawhichissuggestedasapossiblewayofexplainingfacts,provinganargument,etc.Throughexperiments,thehypothesisiseitheracceptedastrue(possiblywithimprovements)orcastoff.

2.science

Scienceisdefinedastheintellectualandpracticalactivityenpassingthesystematicstudyofthestructureandbehaviorofthephysicalandnaturalworldthroughobservationandexperiment.

3.superstition

Superstitionreferstoabeliefwhichisnotbasedonreasonorfactbutonoldideasaboutluck,magic,etc.Forexample,itisamonsuperstitionthatblackcatsareunlucky.

4.pessimism

Pessimismisatendencytogivemoreattentiontothebadsideofasituationortoexpecttheworstpossibleresult.Apersonwithpessimismisapessimistwhothinksthatwhateverhappensisbad.

5.individualism

Individualismistheideathattherightsandfreedomoftheindividualarethemostimportantrightsinasociety.Ithasabadsenseinthatlittleattentionispaidtotherightsofthecollectiveoragoodoneinthatindependenceisemphasizedratherthandependenceonothers.

Text2PhysicsAwaitsNewOptionsasStandardModelIdles

I.Vocabulary

1.C2.A3.B4.A5.C6.D7.D8.B

II.Definition

1.Arefrain2.Aspark3.Ajingle4.Symmetry

5.developsorstudiestheoriesorideasaboutaparticularsubject.

6.studiestheoriginandnatureoftheuniverse.

7.studiesthestarsandplasusingscientificequipmentincludingtelescopes.

III.Mosaic

1.gravity2.anti-/opposite

3.D4.B5.A6.A7.B8.A

IV.Translation

(RefertotherelevantpartoftheChinesetranslation)

B.TheStandardModelofparticlephysicsisanunfinishedpoem.Mostofthepiecesarethere,andevenunfinished,itisarguablythemostbrilliantopusintheliteratureofphysics.Withgreatprecision,itdescribesallknownmatter–allthesubatomicparticlessuchasquarksandleptons–aswellastheforcesbywhichthoseparticlesinteractwithoneanother.Theseforcesareelectromagism,whichdescribeshowchargedobjectsfeeleachother'sinfluence:theweakforce,whichexplainshowparticlescanchangetheiridentities,andthestrongforce,whichdescribeshowquarkssticktogethertoformprotonsandotherpositeparticles.ButaslovelyastheStandardModel'sdescriptionis,itisinpieces,andsomeofthosepieces–thosethatdescribegravity–aremissing.Itisafewshardsofbeautythathintatsomethinggreater,likeafewlinesofSapphoonafragmentofpapyrus.

V.Grouping

Particlephysics:

supersymmetry,equation,superpartners,string

Strangeness:

bizarre,beyondthekenof

Antonyms:

gravity–antigravity

1.novelty2.revelatory3.Symmetry4.gravity

VII.TopicsforDiscussionandWriting

(Omitted)

WritingStrategyExemplificationandIllustration

(Omitted)