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Fuel-savingtyres

Hysterectomy

Silicaextractedfromricehusksmakesforgreenertyres

TYRESareremarkablepiecesofengineering.Athighspeedinslipperybendstheyprovideonlyafewsquarecentimetresofcontactwiththeroad,yettheyhelpadriversteersafelyaroundthecorner.Once,theyweremadeentirelyofnaturalrubber.Thesedaystheyalsocontainrubber-likepolymers,layersofsteelbraidingandtextilereinforcements,allofwhichimproveperformanceandcutfuelconsumption.NowPirelli,anItaliantyremaker,ismanufacturingfuel-savingtyresthataregreenerstillbyextractingoneoftheiringredientsfromricehusks.

Onegoodwaytosavefuelistoreducerollingresistance,whichiscaused,inpart,byavehicle'sweightrepeatedlysquashingitstyres.Asthetyresbouncetheyconvertkiicenergyintoheat,thuswastingit.Hysteresisloss,asthisisknown,canbereducedbymixingatyre'srubberwithpowderedmaterialthathasstrongchemicalbondsinit.

Inthepast,thematerialofchoicehasbeencarbonblack,asootysubstancemadebytheinpletebustionofpetroleumproducts.Morerecently,silica(silicondioxide,whichesfromsand)hasetotheforefront.Silicaisbetterbecauseitlowershysteresislosswithoutreducingatyre'sgrip.Itthuscutsrollingresistancebyaround30%,paredwithitspredecessor.Thattranslatesintoa5-7%reductioninfuelconsumption.Andsilicaalsoincreasesatyre'swetgrip.

Brazilbouncesback

Sandischeap.Butprocessingitintosomethingsuitableforuseintyresrequireseffortandmoney.Soifnatureweretoprovidegrainsofsilicasuitableforusewithoutprocessing,thatwouldbeabonus.Andnaturedoes.Grassescontaintinypiecesofsilica,calledphytoliths(illustratedabove),whosejobistodiscourageherbivores,bothvertebrateandinsect.Pirelli'sengineersrealisedthatthesedefensiveweaponsaretheidealsizetoaddtotyresinordertocontrolhysteresisloss,andthatareadysupplyofthemisavailableinthehusksleftoverfromthemillingofrice.

Ricehuskswereoncewaste.Thesedaystheyhavesomevaluebecausetheyareusedasfuelinsmall-sca