Creatingabatteryfromalemonisacommonprojectinmanysciencetextbooks.Successfullycreatingoneofthesedevicesisnoteasy.
Batteriesconsistoftwodifferentmetalssuspendedinanacidicsolution.CopperandZincworkwellasthemetalsandthecitricacidcontentofalemonwillprovidetheacidicsolution.
Batterieslikethiswillnotbeabletorunamotororenergizemostlightbulbs.ItispossibletoproduceadimglowfromanLED.
Thepictureatthetopofthispageshowsabasiclemonbattery,alemon,copperpennyandzinccoatednail.
Thelemon:Alarge,fresh,"juicy"lemonworksbest.
Thenail:Galvanizednailsarecoatedinzinc.Iuseda2"galvanizedcommonnail.
Thepenny:Anycoppercoinwillwork.(Canadianpenniesfrom1960-2001allworked)
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Creatingthebattery:Insertapennyintoacutononesideofthelemon.Pushagalvanizednailintotheothersideofthelemon.
Thenailandpennymustnottouch.
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Thisisasinglecellofabattery.Thezincnailandthecopperpennyarecalledelectrodes.Thelemonjuiceiscalledelectrolyte.
Allbatterieshavea"+"and"-"terminal.Electriccurrentisaflowofatomicparticlescalledelectrons.Certainmaterials,calledconductors,allowelectronstoflowthroughthem.Mostmetals(copper,iron)aregoodconductorsofelectricity.Electronswillflowfromthe"-"electrodeofabattery,throughaconductor,towardsthe"+"electrodeofabattery.Volts(voltage)isameasureoftheforcemovingtheelectrons.(Highvoltageisdangerous!)
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Ihaveconnectedavoltmetertooursinglecelllemonbattery.Themetertellsusthislemonbatteryiscreatingavoltageof0.906volts.
Unfortunatelythisbatterywillnotproduceenoughcurrent(flowingelectrons)tolightabulb.
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Tosolvethisproblemwecancombinebatterycellstocreatehighervoltages.Buildingmorelemonbatteriesandconnectingthemwithametalwirefrom"+"to"-"addsthevoltagefromeachcell.
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Thetwolemonbatteriesabove,combinetoproduceavoltageof1.788volts.Thiscombinationstilldoesnotcreateenoughcurrenttolightasmallbulb.Notetheredwireconnectingthebatteriesisjoinedfrom"+"(penny)to"-"(galvanizednail).
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Fourlemonbatteriescreateavoltageof3.50volts.WeshouldbeabletolightupasmalldevicelikeanLED(LightEmittingDiode).
Notetheconnectingwiresgofrom"+"to"-"oneachbattery.
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LED
ToturnonanLEDyoumustdeterminethe"+"and"-"connections.IfyoulookcloselyattheredplasticbaseofanLEDyouwillnoticea"flat"spot(indicatedbyarrowabove).Thewirethatcomesoutbesidetheflatspotmustconnecttothe"-"sideofabattery,theotherwiretothe"+"side.
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ImportantinformationaboutLEDs:LEDsaredesignedtoworkatverylowvoltages(~2V)andlowcurrents.Theywillbedamagedifconnectedtobatteriesratedatover2volts.LEDsrequireresistorstocontrolcurrentwhenusedwithbatteriesratedatover2volts.Lemonbatteriesproducelowcurrent.ItisOKtoconnectanLEDtoalemonbattery.
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Intheaboveimage,electronsflowfromthe"-"(nail)endofourlemonbatterythroughtheLED(makingitglow)thenbacktothe"+"(penny)endofthebattery.Thisisanelectroniccircuit.TheLEDglowsdimlywiththisconfiguration.
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Improvingyourbattery.
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